http://ijaers.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us February The scouring that occurs on the abutments and pillars of the bridge is total scour, which is a combination of local scour and general scour. It can also be a combination of localized scour, generalized scour and localized scour / constriction scour. Bridge collapses are often the result of scouring. The potential for flooding can increase riverbed degradation, riverbed degradation and local scouring, which adds to the threat of bridge sub-structures. The galala bridge is located in the lower reaches of the Way Ruhu river with a stretch length of 60 m. Physically, this bridge has been built for a long time so it needs to be evaluated for scour depth by mathematical modeling using the HEC- Ras 6.4.1 application. Scour modeling uses the CSU method and the Froechlich method. Based on the simulation results using three flow conditions against the 10, 25 and 50 year recurrence periods and using physical properties test data (grain size analysis, specific gravity test, and soil content weight test) from the Ambon State Polytechnic Material Test laboratory from soil samples around the Way Ruhu estuary showed that the scouring depth reached the base of the bridge, 2.00 m so that this scouring could affect the stability of the bridge and potentially collapse the bridge based on simulation with flood discharge plan 25 years. http://ijaers.com/detail/galala-bridge-scour-model-on-ambon-s-way-ruhu-river/ Obednego D. Nara, Musper D Soumokil, Vector R.R Hutubessy, Denny Yatmadi http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/1IJAERS-01202412-Galala.pdf This review explores the critical role of the microbiome in modulating antibiotic resistance and its implications for infection control. By synthesizing recent research, we highlight how microbial communities influence the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and their impact on host health and disease outcomes. The interplay between the microbiome and antibiotics suggests a need for novel strategies to manage resistance, emphasizing microbiome-preserving approaches. Our findings underscore the potential of leveraging microbiome insights to develop more effective infection control practices and antibiotic use policies, aiming to mitigate the global challenge of antibiotic resistance. Future research directions are suggested to further understand the microbiome's mechanisms in resistance and identify therapeutic opportunities for enhancing human health. http://ijaers.com/detail/the-role-of-the-microbiome-in-antibiotic-resistance-and-infection-control/ Djosci Coêlho de Sá Júnior, Ricardo Baroni Vieira, Ana Claudia Borges Braga, Hellen Kristina Magalhães Brito, Giovanna Uchôa de Souza Cruz, Guilherme de Almeida Leite Furtado, Victoria Carolinne Oliveira Silva, Karina Meira de Miranda, Felipe Machado Dourado Bastos, Luiza Valesca Barros Teixeira, Hugo Soares Lira Azevedo, Laura Maria Lopes Sá Luz Costa, Isabela Godoy Santos, Ana Clara Souza Barreto da Cunha, Lucca Pazini Meneghel Paiva, Ana Luiza de Pellegrini Maciel Zanina, Karollyne Nunes Marinho http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/2IJAERS-0220241-TheRole.pdf This study investigates the multifaceted impact of climate change on infectious diseases and the emergence of antibiotic resistance, employing a mixed-methods approach that includes literature review, data analysis, and predictive modeling. Our analysis reveals that climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and humidity significantly correlate with the prevalence and distribution of infectious diseases and antibiotic-resistant strains. The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated health and climate policies to address these interconnected challenges. Moreover, the study highlights the necessity of preparing global health systems for the changing landscape of disease spread and antibiotic efficacy, suggesting targeted interventions and enhanced surveillance efforts. Despite inherent uncertainties in climate projections and complex health outcomes, our research contributes to the understanding of climate change as a critical factor in infectious disease management and antibiotic resistance, advocating for immediate global action to mitigate these risks. http://ijaers.com/detail/the-impact-of-climate-change-on-infectious-diseases-and-antibiotic-resistance/ Djosci Coêlho de Sá Júnior, Ricardo Baroni Vieira, Giovanna Uchôa de Souza Cruz, Guilherme de Almeida Leite Furtado, Bruna Postal Oliveira, Felipe Machado Dourado Bastos, Isadora Ferreira Batista, Victoria Carolinne Oliveira Silva, Claudionor Antonio de Oliveira Amorim Neto, Isabela Godoy Santos, Laura Maria Lopes Sá Luz Costa, Ana Luiza de Pellegrini Maciel Zanina, Karollyne Nunes Marinho, Lucas Gomes Pereira, Lucas Torres Tavares, Maria Eduarda Santos Albuquerque, Sarah Lorrayne Gomes Pereira Cardoso http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/3IJAERS-0220242-TheImpactof.pdf This literature review explores the utilization of artificial scaffolds and biofilms in advancing antibiotic research. It highlights the critical role these innovative models play in mimicking the complex environments of natural biofilms, crucial in bacterial survival, antibiotic resistance, and infection persistence. By offering insights into bacterial behavior, interaction, and resistance development under conditions closely resembling their natural habitats, artificial scaffolds and biofilms enable more effective study and development of strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. The paper underscores the necessity for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to refine these models, enhancing their clinical relevance and broadening their application to various bacterial species and infection contexts. http://ijaers.com/detail/the-use-of-artificial-scaffolds-and-biofilms-in-antibiotic-research/ Djosci Coêlho de Sá Júnior, Ricardo Baroni Vieira, Giovanna Uchôa de Souza Cruz, Bruna Postal Oliveira, Isadora Ferreira Batista, Kamilla Dutra Silva, Felipe Machado Dourado Bastos, Karina Meira de Miranda, Claudionor Antonio de Oliveira Amorim Neto, Isabela Godoy Santos, Laura Maria Lopes Sá Luz Costa, Thiago Brilhante Pereira Labre, Gabriela Fernandes Ribeiro, Laura Geovanna da Costa Reis Carvalho, Lucas Torres Tavares, Maria Eduarda Santos Albuquerque, Sarah Lorrayne Gomes Pereira Cardoso http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/4IJAERS-0220243-TheUse.pdf This study focused on providing a robust power budget analysis for Passive Optical Network (PON) deployed as a backhaul network for a mobile communication network in Port Harcourt Nigeria. In this research, optimal power budget model for both upstream and downstream transmission was introduced. The power budget model developed is a bidirectional Passive Optical Network transmission tailored for Cellular Backhaul purposes. The focus is SMILE 4G Mobile Networks, operating in the geographical area of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Utilizing the coordinates of all the SMILE eNBs in port Harcourt, and adopting systematic/ automatic approach for optimal splitter coordinates, fibre lengths between each eNB and the splitter was obtained. This approach ensures the lowest length of fibre which translates that cheapest cost of deployment was achieved. Employing parameters like attenuation, margin, etc, power budget analysis for both downstream and upstream transmission was obtained. From the results, it was evident that eNBs with longer fibre cable lengths exhibit correspondingly higher levels of fibre attenuation but lower margin values. This consistent pattern was observed across all the eNBs within the network for both Upstream and Downstream transmissions. Power Budget achieved in this research ensured that attenuation was greatly reduced and significant power was available for both transmitter and receiver sensitivity. http://ijaers.com/detail/power-budget-analysis-for-passive-optical-network-deployment-as-mobile-communication-backhaul-network/ Okeke Remigius Obinna, Idigo Victor Eze http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/5IJAERS-01202414-Power.pdf This study develops a time series model for water waves using a weighted Taylor series approach to analyze water wave dynamics. The model incorporates the continuity equation, Euler's momentum conservation equation, and the Kinematic Free Surface Boundary Condition, all formulated through the weighted Taylor series. By integrating the modified continuity equation across the water depth, utilizing depth-averaged velocity concepts, we derive the water surface elevation equation. Similarly, applying the Euler momentum conservation principle to the water surface yields an equation for the horizontal water particle velocity, which is subsequently converted into an expression for the horizontal depth-averaged velocity. The equations for water surface elevation and horizontal water particle velocity are solved using numerical methods. The application of the numerical model results in the generation of four distinct wave profiles: sinusoidal, Stokes, cnoidal, and solitary wave profiles, classified according to Wilson's (1963) criteria. The emergence of each wave profile type is influenced by the specified input wave height. http://ijaers.com/detail/applying-weighted-taylor-series-on-time-series-water-wave-modeling/ Syawaluddin Hutahaean http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/6IJAERS-0220243-Applying.pdf This study aims to develop and implement an Internet of Things (IoT) based early flood detection system that utilizes weather API parameters to trigger SMS alerts. The system employs an ESP32 microcontroller, integrated with sensing circuitry to measure water levels, and a GSM module responsible for sending timely SMS alerts to both residents and emergency response units in the event of critical flooding. Additionally, the system incorporates a liquid crystal display (LCD) to indicate the current system status and provide real-time weather parameter readings from the digital temperature and humidity module 11 (DHT11). To facilitate efficient monitoring and data access, the system is integrated with the Blynk mobile app, which offers unrestricted access to real-time water level and weather parameter data for both the controller chief and the forecasting unit. http://ijaers.com/detail/design-analysis-of-an-iot-based-early-flood-detection-and-alerting-system/ Okeke Remigius Obinna, Ehikhamenle Mathew http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/7IJAERS-0120249-Design.pdf