http://ijaers.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us October Head and neck cancer (HNC) accounts for approximately 930,000 new cases and 470,000 deaths annually, with squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract representing the dominant histology. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and high-risk human papillomavirus infection are the principal risk factors. Standard-of-care modalities such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy frequently fail in advanced disease because of off-target toxicity and inherent or acquired resistance. Recent insights into the tumor microenvironment (TME) characterized by hypoxia, acidic pH, extracellular-matrix remodeling and immunosuppression have revealed actionable therapeutic targets. This review synthesizes how nanotechnology exploits these TME features to enhance HNC diagnosis and treatment. We first delineate the unique TME landscape of HNSCC and then classify TME-responsive nanoplatforms according to their design principles: pH, redox, enzyme or hypoxia-triggered release; active targeting of overexpressed receptors; and multimodal theranostics. Subsequent sections evaluate diagnostic applications (MRI, CT, PET, optical and molecular imaging) and therapeutic strategies, including chemotherapy delivery, immunomodulation and combination regimens. Finally, we address translational bottlenecks biocompatibility, manufacturing scalability, tumor heterogeneity, regulatory complexity and propose precision-nanomedicine solutions. Pre-clinical studies demonstrate that TME-activated nanoplatforms achieve superior tumor accumulation, reduced systemic toxicity and integrated imaging-therapy functions. Multifunctional nanocarriers that co-load chemotherapeutics, photosensitizers and immune checkpoint inhibitors further exhibit synergistic anti-tumor activity. Although challenges related to biodistribution, batch-to-batch reproducibility and patient stratification persist. Interdisciplinary efforts spanning materials science, oncology and regulatory science are poised to accelerate the clinical translation of TME-focused nanotheranostics toward individualized HNC management. http://ijaers.com/detail/advances-in-nanoplatform-design-and-theranostics-for-hnc-via-the-tumor-microenvironment/ Ngwu Chukwuebuka Vitalis, Ying Wang, Afreh Paul, Anidobu Chinaecherem Grace http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/1IJAERS-09202514-Advances.pdf The time series water wave model comprises two equations: the water surface elevation equation and the water particle velocity equation. The elevation equation, derived from the continuity equation, captures changes in potential energy but lacks an energy source. The velocity equation describes changes in kinetic energy but does not include potential energy contributions. In this research, the energy deficiency in the elevation equation is addressed by combining it with the conservation of kinetic energy, while the velocity equation incorporates a driving force derived from the continuity equation. Both equations use a weighted Taylor series expansion to produce realistic wavelengths consistent with natural waves. The model is executed using a periodic solitary wave input, defined as a profile in which the trough and crest lie above the still water level. This input satisfies the initial conditions at the entry point, where the water surface elevation and its time derivative are zero. Shoaling and breaking analysis with the developed model yielded breaking parameters that agree with previous research. http://ijaers.com/detail/time-series-water-wave-model-based-on-energy-conservation/ Syawaluddin Hutahaean http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/2IJAERS-1020251-TimeSeries.pdf Tooth whitening is a procedure that lightens the color of a tooth by applying a chemical agent to oxidize the organic pigmentation of the tooth. The agents hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide are oxidizing agents, which, after diffusion, dissociate to produce free radicals that affect pigmented organic molecules. Objective: To evaluate the action of bleaching agents on the dental surface of bovine teeth. Through an in vitro laboratory experiment, the action of bleaching agents (Whiteness HP 35% - FGM and Potenza Bianco Pro 35% - PHS) on the tooth surface was evaluated, from which 30 bovine teeth were collected, sanitized with distilled water, stored in saliva for seven days, cut by separating the root from the crown with a standardized 10x10 mm cut in the straight piece with a diamond disc, then immersed in saliva for another seven days, where they were divided into three groups (samples), defined in control group (GC), test groups I and II (GT I and TG II). Prophylaxis was performed on all teeth in the groups (samples) with prophylactic paste and a straight Robinson brush. Subsequently, the teeth in the control group (CG) were immersed again in artificial saliva for another seven days. After seven days, the pH of the two bleaching agents was descriptively analyzed, and the analysis of free energy/wetting of the groups (samples) was also carried out. The pH of Potenza Bianco Pro 35% bleach was 6.0 and its wettability was 119.85. The pH of Whiteness HP 35% bleach was 8.5 and its wettability value was 119.66. The bleaching agent Potenza Bianco Pro – PHS is more acidic and the Whiteness HP – FGM is alkaline. The wettability of the whitening agent Potenza Bianco Pro – PHS is similar to Whiteness HP – FGM > 90°. http://ijaers.com/detail/surface-analysis-of-bovine-teeth-submitted-to-dental-bleaching-in-vitro-study/ Joyce Caroline da Silva, Celena de Sousa Dias, Luanne Mara Rodrigues de Matos, Thais Oliveira Cordeiro http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/3IJAERS-1020254-Surface.pdf Cervical cancer is a major public health problem, being the third most common neoplasm in women in Brazil, according to INCA (2022). An ecological study carried out between 2013 and 2022 with data from SIH-SUS, SIM, SISCOLO and SISCAN analyzed the epidemiological profile of the disease, where cervical cancer was the 5th most recurrent between 2013 and 2022, with 24,599 deaths, representing 12.12% of cancer deaths, behind only breast and lung cancer. The study also revealed that the Northeast had the highest number of preventive screening exams, followed by the South. In addition, the increase in cervical cancer cases accompanies advancing age, with the highest peak between 40 and 49 years of age (24.59%). The high mortality from cervical cancer is associated with the significant number of abnormal results in preventive exams. These data highlight the need for more effective and specific intervention measures, considering the social and cultural characteristics of the affected populations. Raising awareness of the importance of screening is essential to reduce the incidence and mortality from the disease. http://ijaers.com/detail/cervical-cancer-from-screening-to-treatment-a-snapshot-of-reality/ Lavínia Lessa de Brito Lamenha, Rhayanne Larissa Barbosa de Melo, Ashley Beatriz de Arroxelas Tenório, Laine Rocha Bezerra Barbosa, Marilurdes Monteiro Barros, Bernadete Barros Ceryno, Lays Bezerra Madeiro, Laercio Pol Fachin http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/4IJAERS-06202512-Cervical.pdf Civil engineering is experiencing a paradigm shift driven by artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), automation, and sustainable practices. Across multiple studies, AI has been shown to optimize material design, enhance monitoring systems, and support resilient infrastructure. Machine learning models accurately predict compressive strength and embodied carbon of eco-friendly concrete, while Artificial Intelligence based life cycle analysis improves the sustainability assessment of geopolymer concretes. Complementary research highlights quarry dust and industrial by-products as viable substitutes for natural resources, promoting low carbon construction. In structural health monitoring, edge-AI frameworks enable real-time crack detection in bridges, enhancing safety and reducing latency. Generative AI integrated with Building Information Modeling (BIM) introduces automated structural design pipelines, producing diverse and regulation-compliant solutions. Internet of Things systems play a pivotal role in smart cities, enabling real-time management of energy, transportation, and utilities, while seismic automation platforms like RAPID-SIS accelerate disaster response through automated accelerograph data processing. Fuzzy logic strengthens decision-making in uncertain transportation systems, offering reliable solutions for congestion, safety, and autonomous vehicle control. At the industrial scale, Industry 5.0 approaches such as AI powered virtual assistants in concrete plants demonstrate improved efficiency, reduced human error, and sustainable operations. Collectively, these innovations illustrate a convergence of digital transformation and ecological responsibility, providing a framework for developing resilient, sustainable, and smart infrastructure. By integrating advanced digital tools, eco-friendly materials, and human–machine collaboration, civil engineering is poised to meet the challenges of climate change, rapid urbanization and resource scarcity while aligning with global sustainability goals. http://ijaers.com/detail/artificial-intelligence-and-smart-technologies-for-sustainable-civil-engineering/ Mahadeva M, Uday N http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/5IJAERS-1020258-Artificial.pdf New approaches in civil and environmental engineering will be needed in the future of struggle of climate change, urbanization, and resource scarce situations. This analysis of the studies encompasses a critical aspect of sustainable infrastructure and new construction materials, management of water, and stability of structures. The principles of the earthquake-resistant design are devoted to the unified geotechnical innovations and structural innovations to add to the seismic risk reduction and buildings safety. Besides this, ANN models are highly predictive on optimistic cross-sectional aspects of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, which can offer a structural designer with a solid design computing instrument. In the context of water management, use of treated wastewater in artificial recharge of water offers research that will prove that groundwater tables of arid and dry regions such as Iraq can be significantly boosted to Suit a greater agricultural production and battle desertification. The corresponding search of the Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) refers to the extreme need to reduce the emissions of carbon by relying on the passive structure, energy efficiency, and integration of renewable sources, and the study of self-healing construction materials implies the efficient solutions to extend the period of lives, reduce the number of repairs, and extend the term of existence of infrastructure. Long-term perspectives of the world water sources imply that act of reciprocity create a relationship between the approaches of farm demands, shortage of freshwater and biodiversity elimination and it is famed that conservation, reuse and increase in effectiveness are very vital. http://ijaers.com/detail/integrating-water-resource-management-into-sustainable-built-environments/ Mahadeva M, Siddharth S Mylar http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/6IJAERS-1020259-Integrating.pdf In the conditions of constantly tightening requirements for vibration and noise, shown to modern power plants, the possibilities of passive vibration isolation are provided practically exhausted. As a result, in this situation, active vibration protection systems acquire decisive importance. In the work, the dynamics of two mass active vibration protection systems is developed. Its efficiency and stability areas are solved. http://ijaers.com/detail/dynamic-vibration-protection-of-a-mechanical-system-with-a-finite-number-of-degrees-of-freedom/ Almuratov Shavkat Narpulatovich, Savenko Oksana Viktorovna, Turaev Kakhramon Nortozievich, Toshboeva Nargiza Yuldashovna http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/7IJAERS-09202511-Dynamic.pdf Disasters and mass casualty incidents pose significant challenges to healthcare systems, requiring emergency nurses to respond with competence, efficiency, and resilience. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the preparedness and resilience of emergency nurses in public and private hospitals in the Philippines. Using a descriptive-comparative research design, a total of 30 emergency nurses (15 from public and 15 from private hospitals) were purposively selected as respondents. Data were collected through a structured survey questionnaire assessing demographic profiles and six key indicators: knowledge and training, emergency response skills, institutional support, psychological resilience, teamwork, and adaptability under pressure. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) and independent samples t-tests were employed to analyze differences between public and private hospital nurses. Results showed that private hospital nurses generally scored higher across most indicators, with a statistically significant difference in knowledge and training (p = 0.030). Both groups exhibited high psychological resilience, teamwork, and adaptability under pressure, while institutional support emerged as an area needing improvement, particularly in public hospitals. The study highlights the importance of combining individual competency, structured training, and institutional support to enhance emergency nurses’ preparedness and resilience, ultimately improving healthcare response and patient outcomes during disasters and mass casualty events. http://ijaers.com/detail/evaluating-the-preparedness-and-resilience-of-emergency-nurses-in-disaster-and-mass-casualty-situations-from-private-and-public-hospital/ Archiles Briones Tolentino http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/8IJAERS-10202511-Evaluating.pdf With the development and advancement of The Times, industrial intelligence has flourished, and the emergence of inspection robots has made significant contributions to the inspection methods of the working environment in many production enterprises. Many enterprises have adopted inspection robots instead of manual inspection, which plays a significant role in achieving industrial chain upgrading and transformation. This paper compares the development trends of inspection robots at home and abroad, studies the motion structures and countermeasures of different inspection robots in different environments, analyzes the technical characteristics and advantages of inspection robots, makes corresponding measures and solutions based on the current industry situation, and explores the innovation and development trends of inspection robots in the future. http://ijaers.com/detail/exploration-of-the-development-and-technical-features-of-intelligent-inspection-robots/ Yan Hai Li, Zhi Hui Chang, Yong Shan Ou, Yi Chen, Liu Yi Yu, Ji Qing Tan, Xiang Yu Liu, Yan Zuo Chang http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/9IJAERS-10202512-Exploration.pdf