http://ijaers.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us September In recent years, the global petroleum energy crisis has driven the automotive manufacturing industry to focus on reducing the aerodynamic drag coefficient through optimized design to improve fuel economy, and this demand is particularly prominent in the field of large buses. This paper takes three large buses with different shapes as the research objects, and explores the variation law of their aerodynamic characteristics through streamlined modification of the body shape. In the study, first, a 3lD base model of the large bus was constructed, and three groups of large bus models with different shapes were generated by adjusting the shape parameters. Subsequently, under unified boundary conditions (such as inflow velocity, ambient pressure, etc.), computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were adopted, and simulation experiments were carried out with the help of Fluent software. Data such as gas flow field diagrams of each group of models were obtained through numerical simulation, and the influence of different shapes on the aerodynamic drag coefficient was compared and analyzed.The results show that large buses with streamlined designs at the front and rear have better aerodynamic characteristics, and the effect in reducing the drag coefficient is more significant. At the same time, this study can provide a reference basis for the aerodynamic optimization design of large buses. http://ijaers.com/detail/optimization-design-of-streamline-drag-reduction-for-heavy-duty-buses-based-on-fluent/ Qi Hong Tang, Yan Zuo Chang, Yong Seng Huang, Ruo Yu Yang, Liu Yi Yu, Jian Ting Lai, Tian Yi Miao, Ying Shan Guo http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/1IJAERS-0820252-Optimization.pdf This study investigates the simplest time series type of the Boussinesq equation, namely the Airy long wave model. The primary limitation of this model is its applicability only to short wave conditions with very small amplitudes, which are significantly smaller than the maximum wave amplitude permitted for a given wave period. The source of this limitation is identified as the treatment of convective acceleration in the water particle velocity equation. Model refinement is introduced by interpreting the convective acceleration as a hydrodynamic force whose positive direction extends from regions of higher kinetic energy toward regions of lower kinetic energy. This interpretation requires assigning a negative sign to the convective acceleration term. In addition, the hydrostatic force commonly employed corresponds to the surface hydrostatic force, whereas the velocity equation utilizes depth averaged velocity. To ensure consistency, this force must therefore be reformulated as the depth averaged hydrostatic force. http://ijaers.com/detail/enhanced-time-series-water-wave-model-through-refinement-of-convective-acceleration-and-driving-force-in-the-velocity-equation/ Syawaluddin Hutahaean http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/2IJAERS-0920256-Enhanced.pdf The analysis of multistory buildings under different zoning conditions is essential for ensuring structural safety, serviceability, and compliance with building codes. In this case study, a comparative evaluation of a multistory reinforced concrete building is carried out across different seismic and wind load zones. The study focuses on parameters such as base shear, lateral displacement, story drift, and overall stability of the structure when subjected to varying environmental and seismic intensities. Structural modeling and analysis are conducted using standard design codes (such as IS 1893 for seismic loads and IS 875 for wind loads), and the results are compared zone-wise to highlight critical differences in structural behavior. http://ijaers.com/detail/different-zone-case-study-of-multistory-building/ Shivam Barpete, Mohit Kumar Prajapati http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/3IJAERS-0920253-Different.pdf The rapid expansion of renewable energy systems has introduced new challenges in ensuring the sustainable, efficient, and reliable distribution of electricity. Variability in generation from sources such as solar, wind, and hydro, combined with fluctuating demand, necessitates the development of intelligent optimization methods for multi-source resource integration. This research presents a novel optimization approach that integrates solar, wind, and hydro resources with energy storage and auxiliary backup systems to achieve efficient and sustainable distribution within microgrids. The proposed framework employs a hybrid machine learning-driven optimization model, combining Ladybug Beetle-driven Weighted Random Forest Regression (LB-Weighted RFR) for accurate power generation forecasting and optimized energy distribution. The forecasts enable dynamic scheduling that balances supply and demand, reduces peak loads, and maximizes renewable energy utilization. Forecasting incorporates historical production data, weather patterns, and grid conditions, achieving low error metrics such as MSE (0.00008) for energy sources. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements of the proposed model over conventional approaches, including reductions in operating costs, decreases in peak demand, enhanced supply-demand balance, and increased renewable energy utilization. http://ijaers.com/detail/a-novel-optimization-approach-for-sustainable-renewable-energy-distribution-and-multi-source-resource-integration/ Tri Nguyen Minh http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/4IJAERS-0920252-ANovel.pdf This work present a review of the design and stability analysis of lower dam a concrete gravity dam situated. Through, the demanding years, it has been observed that failures of dams due to many factor are common. So it is the essential to analysis the dam against all its modes of failures, forces acting on it, uncontrollable disasters such as earthquake, etc. for this, the preliminary data of the dam required for design, such dimensions, base width, crest width, etc. was collected through the inspection engineer. On the basic collected data the elementary profile and practical profile of dam was estimated. Further all major and the minor force forces acting on dam were calculated, stability analysis of designed dam against all modes of failure and for various load combinations was carried out in STAAD PRO software and was checked permissible limits. http://ijaers.com/detail/novel-approach-to-approximation-based-design-of-gravity-dam-on-staad-pro-software/ Sachin Kumar Saket, Mohit Kumar Prajapati http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/5IJAERS-0920257-Novel.pdf The analysis of steel structures has become increasingly significant due to their wide application in modern civil, industrial, and high-rise constructions. The performance and stability of such structures are highly influenced by the behavior of beam-column joints, which act as critical transfer points for loads and stresses. This study focuses on the strength observation of beam-column joints in steel alloy frameworks, emphasizing their response under different loading and boundary conditions. A comparative analysis of joint behavior using finite element modeling and experimental validation is carried out to evaluate stress distribution, failure modes, and deformation characteristics. The effect of steel alloy composition on joint ductility, stiffness, and load-bearing capacity is also examined. Results indicate that joint strength contributes directly to overall structural reliability, highlighting the need for optimized joint detailing and material selection in design practice. This research contributes to developing safer, more durable steel structures and provides valuable insights for structural engineers in adopting suitable steel alloys and joint configurations. http://ijaers.com/detail/analysis-of-steel-structure-with-its-beam-column-joint-strength-observation-for-steel-alloy-case/ Vinod Nigam, Mohit Kumar Prajapati http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/6IJAERS-0920258-Analysis.pdf Employee attention is critical for successful task completion, learning, and productivity. However, modern distractions such as notifications, applications, and online information regularly disrupt focus and reduce work effectiveness. Research aims to improve employee attention and task efficiency by creating an advanced digital distraction blocking system that detects distracted behaviors and intervenes to maintain focus. Video recordings of employees executing tasks in online and digital settings were gathered to capture natural attention and distraction patterns. Frames were normalized, faces were identified, and irrelevant background noise was eliminated to ensure consistent data quality. Frame blocking is utilized for preprocessing, and the VGG16-CNN was used to extract deep visual features, including facial expressions, gaze direction, head orientation, and micro-movements that indicate attentiveness or distraction. A Decision Tree Tuned Scalable Spiking Network (DT-S2Net), which combines Decision Trees (DT) for interpretable classification with Scalable Spiking Neural Networks (S2NN) for temporal pattern detection of attention and distraction behaviors. The DT-S2Net method outperformed the existing methods, achieving higher accuracy (99.01%), precision (99.57%), recall (98.77%) and F1-score (99.0%) in recognizing distracted states, allowing for timely digital interventions such as limiting notifications or irrelevant programs, resulting in faster task completion and sustained focus. http://ijaers.com/detail/enhancing-employee-attention-and-task-efficiency-using-advanced-digital-distraction-blocking-mechanisms/ Dung Tran Tuan http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/7IJAERS-09202512-Enhancing.pdf Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) is a key component of the hydrological cycle and strongly influenced by climate variability, land use change, and anthropogenic activities. Accurate ET0 estimation is vital for water resource management, irrigation planning, and climate adaptation strategies. This review synthesizes findings from global studies spanning 2000–2025, covering agricultural systems, wetlands, lakes, and urban environments. Traditional estimation methods such as the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith model remain the standard, while empirical, energy balance, and machine learning approaches offer useful alternatives when data are limited. Remote sensing advances have improved spatiotemporal monitoring, yet challenges remain in calibration, validation, and uncertainty management. The reviewed literature highlights that ET0 trends are highly sensitive to factors such as sunshine duration, wind speed, and vegetation cover, with marked regional variability. Urbanization and impervious surface expansion further intensify ET0 fluctuations by enhancing heat island effects. Research gaps include short-duration datasets, limited interdisciplinary integration, and uncertainties in large-scale modelling. Future directions emphasize hybrid modelling, long-term climate records, and improved satellite-based observations to strengthen ET0 predictions under climate change scenarios. http://ijaers.com/detail/a-comprehensive-review-climate-change-impacts-on-reference-evapotranspiration-et0/ Mahadeva M, Sriram A V, Varun S http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/8IJAERS-0920259-AComprehensive.pdf This work presents the development and validation of the K0WEB software dedicated to the determination of elemental concentrations based on the kstandardization method of Neutron Activation Analysis NAA This method recognized for its high accuracy enables multielement analyses of samples without the need for standards relying on the precise characterization of facilities and the use of nuclear parameters such as k0factors Q and decay constants The system stands out for its innovative webbased architecture and the automation of nuclear data import providing originality and operational autonomy The software integrates essential correctionssuch as cascade summing geometry factor and allows stepbystep monitoring of calculations interactive visualization and report generation The validation of K0WEB was carried out by comparing its results with those of the K0IPEN program previously submitted to an international intercomparison exercise of the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA ensuring the reliability of the new system The experimental part employed standardized data from IAEATECDOC2026 Concentration efficiency and thermal and epithermal flux parameter calculations were performed according to methodologies established in the literature with emphasis on the bare triple monitor method and the cadmium ratio method Additionally an uncertainty analysis based on error propagation and covariance matrix was applied The results demonstrated the validation of K0WEB and it can be concluded that K0WEB represents an innovative accurate and efficient solution for application in NAA laboratories http://ijaers.com/detail/development-of-web-software-for-determining-element-concentrations-based-on-the-k0-standardization-method-of-neutron-activation-analysis/ Thiago José Sampaio Kaiser, Mauro da Silva Dias, Renato Semmler http://ijaers.com/uploads/issue_files/9IJAERS-09202513-Development.pdf