Integrated Waste Management Technology with Focus on the Brazilian Amazon

This study deals with the management of the specific residues of tires, electro-electronics and batteries in a city in the Brazilian Amazon. The goal is to propose sustainable actions for the residues under study and, using SWOT analysis, to build a prognosis capable of contributing to environmental, economic and social sustainability. The specific objectives are: (1) Characterization of the hazardousness of the waste under study and the responsibility for its management; (2)identification of actions and goals in the management of specific solid waste; (3) use of the SWOT matrix to identify the positives and negatives inthe waste management under study; (4) propose actions and goals to combat the problems encountered. The choice of sample was purposely directed to the public managers directly involved in implementing the plan with a focus on the residues under study. It is an exploratory descriptive study, mixed I character and with qualitative results. The result points to problems that demand immediate and urgent solution suggestions are made for actions and aims with immediate effect. These actions would enable entrepreneurs to optimize sustainable social and economic development in the Amazon. This study may benefit business owners, governments and other institutions interested in specific waste-related issues.


INTRODUCTION
One of the main challenges for Brazilian municipalities is the management of urban solid waste. It should be recognized that enoughreusable waste is disposed of each year in the world to havea major environmental impact, for example on the pollution of water, soil, or air or the endangering of the planet through the contamination of plants. Planning actions to minimize the amount of waste disposed of on land or in the sea will ensure a more sustainable planet for future generations. To strategically plan for an environmentally efficient and effective management is the intention of the present study; it does so by analyzing the plan of aims and actions for specific solid waste in the Municipality of Vilhena located in the region of the Brazilian Amazon. The main income of the Municipality, which according to IBGE (2017), has an estimated population of 95,630,comes from commercial and service activities, but industry, agriculture and horticulture are gaining greater prominence in its economic growth. Research shows that the collection of municipal solid waste is carried out by the city council in trucks that, since May 2014, have taken II. OBJECTIVES This work proposes sustainable actions for the waste under study using a SWOT analysis to identify positive and negative points in the management of specific waste. It seeks to propose a plan capable of contributing to the pillars of environmental, economic and social sustainability in a municipality in the Amazon region of Brazil. Its specific objectives are: (1) classification of the hazardousness of the waste under study and responsibility for itsmanagement; (2) identification of actions and goals in the management of specific solid waste; (3) use of the SWOT matrix to identify the positives and negatives in the waste management under study; and (4) proposing actions and goals to combat any problems encountered. The sample was purposely restricted to the municipal managers directly involved in the execution of the plan, focusing on the waste under study. This is an exploratory descriptive study, of mixed character and with qualitative results. The question to be addressed is: What actions are possible for a municipality anxious tosend the waste under study to the most suitable destination? The result points to problems that require urgent solutions and suggests actions and targets for waste that can be implemented at once. The actions indicated would enable entrepreneurs to optimize sustainable social and economic development in the Amazon. This work may benefit business owners, governments and other institutions interested in specific waste-related issues.

III.
LITERATURE REVIEW According to Luiz et al. (2015), there is an environmental crisis due to the inefficient execution of public policies for disposing adequately of specific waste. In a study, the same authors point out that the State of Rondônia, in the Brazilian Amazon, presents sad statistics of concentrations of solid waste in open dumps in several municipalities. This shows the fragility of the country's social structure with reference to solid waste management. Such a scenario demandsimmediate solutionsin the municipalities of the regionto the problem of the best destination of specific waste, for example, tires, electronic devices and batteries. Brazil's inadequate management of specific solid waste suggests national and not only localconsequences, which allows us, by means of epistemological studies, to suggest actions that might alleviateits currentpredicament.

Characterization and hazardousness of the waste under study and reuse technologies
The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards -ABNT, through the NBR 10.004/2004, classifies residues on the basis of their potential risk to the environment and public health, indicating which must have more strictly controlled handling and disposal.

a) Waste of disposed tires
According to a study by Bertollo, Fernandes and Schalch (2002), tires are classified as Class II Anon inertbecause of the levels of metals they contain (zinc and manganese) in their solubilized extracts, which are higher than the standards established by NBR 10.004/2004. Abandoned or inadequately disposed of unserviceable tires constitute an environmental liability, which results in a serious risk to the environment and public health. For this reason, even before the approval of the PNRS, tire manufacturers and importerhave been since 2009 required to implement reuse technologies; they must collect and dispose of waste tires in compliance with CONAMA Resolution No. 416 of 2009.

b) Electronic waste
The classification of WEEE-Electrical and Electronic Waste recalls a norm established in the NBR 10.004 of 2004 of the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards -ABNT, in which Annexes G and H classify as nonhazardous such residues as polymerized plastic, scrap non-ferrous metal (brass etc.)and rubber waste. Given these stipulations, electronics may be said to fall into the non-hazardous category, although according to Pnuma (2010), electronic waste includes plastics, metals and other elements, which require specific technologies and suggest that electronics may be hazardous.

c) Spent batteries
The CONAMA Resolution 401/2008 insists that establishments selling batteries must contain adequate discarding points and promote reverse logistics for spent batteries, establishing the toxic limits contained in batteries and also the criteria for their commercialization in any country. Machado (2013) states that batteries can contain toxic metals which in the long term can be very harmful to the environment. He emphasizes that there are alternatives for their disposal, such as the recycling of parts or materials in cells and batteries. According to Mesquita et al. (2015), the risk with batteries is their endurance in the environment, especially in soils and groundwater; they have great potential for environmental destruction anddo not degrade over time but remain in the ecosystem where they are deposited.  Figure 1), involving the return of waste generated by consumers, thepurchase of used packaging, the provision of waste discarding points and working in partnership with cooperatives and associations of collectors to enable this waste to be sent to the most suitable destination.

Picture.1: Reverse logistics Source: Authors' Construction
The reverse logistics process requires procedures and investments capable of effecting actions from the manufacturing of goods to the consumption and return of the waste generated for reuse in the manufacturing process or even in appropriate disposal, observing the composition of the residue. Table 2 describes the procedures in the trajectory to effect reverse logistics.

Table.1: Manufacturing process, reverse logistics and reuse of materials Logistic process
The process of returning the materials, after the use of specific residues, that must receive treatment by the manufacturer, due to their composition. These can be reused with their own technologies.

New Materials
Those produced by manufacturers who know the composition and technologies used.

Supplies
Place where the materials and technologies are located that will be part of the manufacturing process Production The process of transforming the materials with private technologies Distribution After the transformation, the product is ready to be distributed to the dealers, to reach consumers Consumption The consumer uses the material/product until it no longer has a use.

Discard
Process for the disposal of waste materials Reverse logistic process Pickup process to send to the manufacturer who will forward it to the correct destination Reuse Process of reuse by the manufacturer, where the waste enters the productive process again, obviating the use of new natural resources.

SWOT Matrix Concepts
Strategic planning is the process of defining strategy, direction and decision making for the allocation of resources, including capital and people. SWOT Analysis is a strategic diagnostic tool integrated into the process of continuous improvement that facilitates the evaluation of a particular area. It reflects a global perspective on the situation of a given organization, allowing improvements to be identified, and helping strategyto be defined (UNEP, 2009). According to Silva (2009), the SWOT Analysis tool,divided essentially into Internal Environment Analysis and Analysis of the External Environment, proposes that, from the mapping of Internal Strengths and Weaknesses and also from External Opportunities and Threats, those responsible for creating strategies will gain have the necessary resources to take full advantage of Opportunities and Strengths, minimizing or even eliminating the Weaknesses and Threats that impede the advent of solutions to the problems identified (see Figure  2).

Forces Weaknesses
They are advantages that the company has in relation to competitors These are the competencies that are under the organization's influence, but somehow disrupt or do not generate competitive advantage

Opportunities Threats
The forces that positively influence the organization, but over which it has no control.
These forces do not exert influence, but they weigh negatively on a company. They can be considered as a challenge imposed that can reduce its ability to generate wealth.

IV. METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED IN THE RESEARCH
The present work was developed on the basis of the Municipal Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan of Vilhena (PLAMRESOLV), which provides for the management of urban solid waste in a city in the Brazilian Amazon. Exploratory qualitative research on the legal normswas carried out in a bibliographical study of the action plan and the targets, diagnosis and prognosis forwaste tires, electrical and electronic equipment and batteries; and a field survey for a case study to identify the actions implemented and the goals reached from 2014 to October 2017. The SWOT matrix was used to identify the internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats to the waste under study. The instruments used were questionnaires answered by the public agents responsible for implementing the plan and those who coordinated the activities related to such waste. The landfill was visited by the agents who segregate the waste. Data were collected in October 2017 and the respondents in the sample were selected specifically because they are directly involved with the actions and the residues under study and represent the local municipality.

V.
RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH The results of the research bring a diagnosis of the actions and goals foreseen in the Municipal Plan of Integrated Management of Solid Waste of Vilhena, the municipality under study, as well as a SWOT analysis of the specific residues of tires, electric, electronics and batteries. The study ends by suggesting actions which might contribute to the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the Amazon region of Brazil. Table 2 presents information for analyzing the goals and action plan. No plan compares the deadlines established by the municipality with the evidence contributed by the municipal managers.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
[  According to the evidence, the partnerships for shared responsibility are informal only and have not been formalized.

Goal
Regulate and supervise reverse logistics, in order to organize the enterprises that are included in this system, defining the procedures for collecting such waste and establish shared responsibility, including procedures in environmental licensing. Deadline 05 years No deadline

Action 5
Establish Sector Agreements.
-The municipality with the Public Prosecutor's Office "charges" the entrepreneurs' actions based on the National Policy.
-According to information, the Municipality formalized some agreements for sending some waste products, such as tires, to the correct destination.

Goal
Seek cooperation between the Municipal Public Power with the business sector and other segments of society, through clarifications on the structuring and implementation of the issues involved and through material and technical support to putthe legal provisions into effect. ://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.3.15  ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O) www.ijaers.com Page | 126

Action 6 Establish VDP-Voluntary Delivery Points
-There was an initiative to send electronic devices to delivery points, mobile "carts" that took them to a deposit in the City Hall for some future destination.
-For batteries, there are two privately runeco-points -For tires a local (municipal) deposit was created to receive such waste from the generators.

Goal
In partnership with merchants,create, voluntary delivery points (VDP) for the temporary accumulation of special waste, since the law obliges retailers to make servicesfor receiving such waste available to consumers.

Action 7 Discipline and intensify supervision of enterprises
The plan now in progress will be reformulated and the activities of generators, transporters and waste receivers will be disciplined.

Goal
Discipline the activities of generators, transporters and waste receivers, requiring management plans as appropriate, inspecting the establishments within the Reverse Logistics System, issuing declaration of compliance with the National Policy on Solid Waste Deadline Not determined. Continuous program as of the 2nd half of 2015.
In permanent execution

Action 8 Conduct educational campaigns.
Work is being done with schools, companies and entities; this should be expanded.

Goal
Hold encounters and meetings with bodies representing the sectors in the reverse logistics chain to discuss, clarify, debate, find solutions and campaign in partnership with the companies to collect the waste that can be sent to a final destination.

Deadline
Not determined. Continuous program as of the 2nd half of 2015.
In permanent execution

Action 9 Restructure tire shed.
This action is foreseen, but not yet performed due to lack of financial resources. Note that the site still supports the demand.

Goal
To carry out the necessary maintenance as well as improvements of the existing structures for the good operation of the shed holding waste tiresfor collection, since it is not in the best state of conservation. Deadline 06 years Planning for implementation -budget forecasting Source: PLAMRESOLV (2014) and Authors of this research (2017)

SWOT analysis of the waste under study
The SWOT analysis points out positive opportunities and strengths as well as negative threats and weaknesses in an internal and external balance, taking into account the Municipal Plan for the Integrated Management of Solid Waste of Vilhena-PLAMRESOLV. The National Solid Waste Policy establishes that the waste under study requires reverse logistics through sectoral agreements between public entities, manufacturers and traders. Table  3 identifies the internal and external positive pointsstrengths and weaknessesas well as the external opportunities and threats found after the bibliographical and field research with the municipality on the actions and targets for waste tires, electronics and batteries.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
[ Vol-5, Issue-3, Mar-2018]  https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.3.15  ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O) Based on this analysis, some strategies were proposed to maximize the strengths and opportunities while minimizing the weaknesses. Common to all waste under study -There is no planning or publicity of the actions goals, responsibilities, dangers, initiatives and sanctions for the agents who must be involved in the collection and destination process.

Table.3: SWOT Analysis for Tires, Electronics and Batteries waste
-Lack of policies to encourage and educate the population in waste disposal, with clear aims for generator/consumer attitudes and behaviour -Lack of a Reverse Logistics municipal law -Selective household collection is not effectively implemented -The sectoral agreements are informal. -There is no comprehensive environmental education plan or action plan for the general population.
-There are too few partnerships and training incentives for the use of waste andfor entrepreneurial reuse projects.
Tire Waste -The location of a delivery point/collectionis not appropriate -There is no collection for small generators -Too little initiative has been shownin the transportation for small enterprises.

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
-It is not predicted in actions and goalshow and when this waste will be reused, inertize and/or recycled.
-Involve dealers and manufacturers -Create legal norms guiding the actions of the population in separating and treating waste correctlyand sending it to the right place.
-Introduce domestic selective collection -Make an environmental education plan with actions and goals that can reach the entire population -Create legal norms to inform the amount of waste generated in the municipality.
-Formalize partnerships and sectoral agreements.
-Propose partnerships with neighboring cities for effective actions.
-Encourage the implementation of small enterprises. Generating employment and income through the implementation of reuse.
-Actions with damaging results due to lack of information -Sending waste to locations that are not suitable for generators -Difficulty in identifying the VDP (Voluntary Delivery Points).
-Difficulty of separating waste in people's homes and segregating waste in the landfill,owing to contamination.

Source: Prepared by the authors
The result of the SWOT analysis points to viable actionscontributing to social, economic and environmental sustainabilitythat should be carried out immediately. Actions should have feasible goals summarized as legal norms, involving the people who are part of the waste generation process; the legal norms and disclosure should underline the rules so as to reinforce the commitment to sending waste to the most suitable destination. The positive actions of the municipality should be highlighted, for example, the initiative in the partnerships arranged for the creation of the Voluntary Delivery Points-VDP, as well as the creation of cooperatives for the segregation and correct destination of waste. The weaknesses found are lack of planning, of public policies for reverse logistics,and of publicity with clear and objective information, together withthe improper disposal of waste, the need for selective collection; they should all be interpreted as opportunities to involve the powerful and the generators of waste to commit themselves to its disposal. The opportunities found are to act through an environmental education program to create means to control the generation of waste, formalize partnerships with neighboring municipalities to minimize the costs of destination, with SENAI and SENAC to propose training courses for the reuse and recycling of this waste and with SEBRAE for business plans and economically profitable management.
External threats are the contamination of drinking water and the sources of soil and air. The study points to threats such as inadequate pipelines from generators that dispose of electronic devices on the street, at roadsides and in rivers, tires that are buried and burned, batteries that are included in household waste without proper separation: these are all totally inappropriate ways of dealing with waste. Another threat is that the PVDs, are not identified which makes it difficult to locate where specific kinds of waste are received. It should be emphasized that failure to separate residues in households and businesses in landfills often contaminates them beyond use.

Actions and goals proposed for these waste products to combat present problems
The above SWOT analysis identified that the municipality did not assess the gravimetric composition for obtaining the type and quantity of waste generated in the municipality. According to the survey, no study has been made of the amount of waste generated in the municipality, which leads to difficulties in proposing actions and targets for subsequent years. With this in mind, takingtheoretical studies into account, actions and goals have been proposed to minimize the threats and weaknesses found in both the plan and the local research. Table 6 presents suggestions for actions and targets for this municipality's waste derived from the SWOT analysis and the findings about the municipal plan.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
[  Internal -Create a municipal law for reverse logistics and partnerships to allocate funding for the accommodation and transportation of waste and sufficient staff. -Institute legal norms to regulate the behaviour of the generators, traders and consumers involved in the process, with clear definitions of each group'sresponsibilities.
-Introduce selective collection of waste in people's homes.
-Include in the Plan more concrete actions and targets for the reuse, recycling and disposal of waste using existing technologies and as practiced in other municipalities.
-Study means of direct communication with the population that can guide, raise awareness and inform about the importanceof sending residues tothe correct destination and of the implications for health of the contamination of water, soil and air,breaking down current paradigms and compromising to take innovative action.
-Define the correct destination of waste, in particular, batteries and electronic devices by means of partnerships and the removal of such waste to places whereits components can be used.
-Encourage SEBRAE/SENAI/SENAC partnerships and commitment to a business plan, training in dismantling and separation and thus the emergence of new enterprises capable of generating employment and income through the use and reuse of waste by meansofavailable technologies.
-Create control and survey systemsfor consumption by the municipality through links on the city's website where manufacturers and resellers can periodically post the quantity of sales made.
-Identify and expand local Voluntary Delivery Points and/or provide transportation to collect waste in the peripheries, especially in small enterprises/generators.

Goal Immediate Initiative Actions and Technologies to Reduce External Threats Found
External -Prepare the population for inspection, to eradicate the inadequate disposal of waste. -Disseminate, inform and raise people's awareness about the danger to human health and negative impactof waste electrical and electronic devices when they are improperly disposed of, highlighting the pollution of soil, water and air.
-Control the sale of products so that the quantity of waste generated can beidentified, making possible the monitoring and inspection of its destinations.
-Create legal rules with fines for those who dispose of waste improperly. Goal Immediate Initiative Source: Prepared by the authors With the actions and goals proposed for the waste under study, it is suggested, the impact on the environment by inadequate disposal will beminimized and all those involved will be able toconsciously participate in consolidating the national policyfor solid waste and thus promote economic, social and environmental sustainability. It must not be forgotten that the greater part of the residues under study are not bio-degradable and that inadequate disposal can irreparably damage the environment.

VI.
CONCLUSION All the methodology of diagnosis and analysis employed here makes it clear that the management of solid waste in an important region of the Brazilian Amazon is a great challenge. The importance given to the waste under study should nonetheless be sensitive to the people who produce it there, while matching the flows and demands in accordance with national standards. This task is even more difficult for a region that is far from the big productive centers, often hindering reverse logistics because of the high cost of transportation and other relevant factors. Any technical alternative proposed for the system must respect the integration between the cities of the region and a more intense participation of the three levels of government. The initial suggestion in answering the research question is to implement selective collection in the municipality, which leads to people's commitment to sendingdifferent kinds of waste tothe correct destination by separating them at home or in the workplace. The installing of more collection points for batteries and the effective collection of tires and electronics would consolidate the reverse logistics proposed in the National Policy. It can be stated that the present deficiencies are also related to the current need for more effective communication with the population, by retailing products which carry orientation strategies for their adequate disposal after use, andinformationon the impact of improper disposal on soil, water and air, which directly affects the health of the population.
The local analysis reveals that the municipality was concerned with the destination of the specific waste in that it requires reverse logistics but is still at fault for not meeting the general demands, for not expanding collection and destination actions, and for neglecting awareness programs for the breaking of paradigmsthrough education. Finally, the present study recommends the formalizationoflocal and sectoral partnerships, and the studyand formulation of legal norms to define the responsibility of the municipality, the entrepreneur, and the population, including rules of conduct and punishment for inappropriate actions.