Extractive Reserves in the State in Rondônia: A Positioning about the Occupation and Expectations / Restrictions Suffered by the Residents

In the state of Rondônia, Extractive Reserves are spread over an area of 1,705,257 hectares, divided into twenty-one state reserves. Currently the reserves are in a situation of abandonment by the government agencies and it is on the basis of these findings that this research was developed to identify the vision that the heads of the families that live in the Extractive Reserves of the State of Rondônia have in relation to the management plans and support from government entities. Thus, the theoretical basis of the concepts of extractive reserves, the national system of conservation units, management plans and sustainable development were used to backup the application of questionnaires and interviews. This research was characterized as a qualitative research, applied and with the use of ethnographic methods. After the study, it was found that the inhabitants of the reserves themselves feel abandoned and thus seek the entry of new residents so that together they can be strengthened and can "enforce" the preservation legislation. Keywords— Extractive reserves, Occupation. Forest


INTRODUCTION
Extractive Reserves are areas used by traditional populations and whose survival is based on extractivism with the sustainable use of the natural resources of the conversation unit. The Sustainable Development Reserve is designated by the National Conservation Unit System -SNUC, "as a natural area that shelters traditional populations, whose existence is based on sustainable systems of exploitation of natural resources, developed over generations and adapted to the conditions ecological conditions that play a fundamental role in the maintenance of biological diversity "(Law No. 9,985 of June 18, 2000).
In the State of Rondônia there are twenty-five Extractive Reserves, with a total coverage of 1,705,257 hectares. In addition to the State Reserves, there are also four Federal Extractive Reserves in the State of Rondônia: Rio Ouro Preto, Lago Cuniã, Barreiro das Antas and Rio Cautário. (GTA, 2008).
The issue of sustainable development began to be formally discussed in the United Nations Conference on the Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, when the environment was perceived in a global perspective as affecting the quality of life of populations. In this section, this research was motivated by the following question: What is the view that the heads of the families living in the Extractive Reserves of the State of Rondônia in relation to the occupation process, management plans and support from government entities?
In order to develop the study, the overall objective was to verify the perception that the extractivists have in relation to the occupation, conservation and maintenance of Extractive Reserves. sought a way to give greater security to the rubber tappers, threatened by the expansion of large pastures, deforestation and land speculation that was happening at the time. As a result of the great similarity with the Indigenous Reserves, since they are also lands of the Federal Government, it was decided to give this nomenclature, since that the beneficiaries are the members of the communities that already resided there (MEMORIAL CHICO MENDES, 2017).
Scientific knowledge is an evolutionary process that goes through improvements over the years until you have a solid position on that subject. The construction of the concept of Extractive Reserves could not have been different, so the Memorial Chico Mendes (2017) divides the study to facilitate understanding in two phases: the first phase (1985 to 2000) was the "period in which the concept of Extractive Reserve was formulated by rubber tappers and incorporated into agrarian reform and environmental policies "; and the second phase (2000s to present) with the "fight for the creation of new areas and the implementation of social and economic programs aimed at improving the living conditions of the resid ents of these areas." In this context of creation of the Extractive Reserves, Allegretti (2002) stated that the motivation to assume previous responsibilities even before the creation of the Reserves had as a starting point the concern of the rubber tappers in losing the land or even losing thefocus of the initial idea. In the localities where the rubber tappers were not yet organized, Chico Mendes, in an interview given at the time, expressed his concern about the viability of this project, stating that: There are areas that have been indicated by the government as areas for extractive reserves that do not yet have the participation of the National Council of Rubber Tappers and where the rubber tappers are not yet organized. We fear the future of thes e areas. We only believe in the areas where, more or less, the rubber tappers are taking over the reins (MENDES, 1989, p. 57-58) In 1990, the Decree 98.897 was published in January 30, providing a clearer and more objective definition of the concept of Extractive Reserves: "territorial space destined to self-sustaining exploitation and conservation of renewable natural resources byextractive population". Considering that this concept arose from the initiative of the rubber tappers themselves and that most of the environmental conservation plans of Amazonia disregard the existence of the population that inhabits the forests, the Decree was published to distinguish the Extractive Reserve of the Conservation Units and also to preserve the rights, cultural traditions and the organization of the resident population.
Continuing the analysis of the said Decree, it is observed that in addition to the characterization of Extractive Reserves it was also determined that in the act of creation of each one of them, it should contain characteristics such as geographical limits, population to be destined and also the measures to be taken by the Executive Power to allow implementation. Thus, the population that inhabits it will be protected, allowing them to live in harmonious coexistence with the neighbors and the environment, being able to sustainably extract what the system will offer.
In the Decree, the preservation of the environment, the occupation of spaces and the use of natural resources maintained the traditional form and listed the body responsible for supervising the concessions and use, as described in arts. 4th and 5th: Art. 4º Self-sustaining exploitation and conservation of natural resources shall be governed by a real concession agreement, pursuant to article 7 of Decree-Law no. 271, of February 28, 1967. 1º The real right of use will be granted free of charge. 2º The concession agreement shall include the plan of use approved by IBAMA and contain clauses of rescission when there is any damage to the environment or transfer of the concession inter vivos. Art. 5 Ibama shall supervise the extractive areas and monitor compliance with the conditions stipulated in the contract referred to in the previous article. ( BRAZIL, 1990) After this brief explanation about the historical context during the process of regulating the Reserves, it is necessary to study the Extractive Reserves of the State of Rondônia to continue the study and consolidate the theoretical basis for the application of the research. Although there are a significant number of Reserves in the state, there are still places, such as the Rio Candeias, that failed to formalize this zoning despite the clear interest of local residents. As mentioned in the previous topic, Chico Mendes' concern was tied exactly to what happened in this region, as the rubber tappers were not strengthened and ended up losing their strength and being driven out by invaders ("grileiros"), loggers and squatters.

2.2
National System of Conservation Units The National System of Nature Conservation Units (SNUC) was created by Law 9,985 of July 18, 2000 (the year the second phase of the concept of Extractive Reserves begins), with the objective of establishing criteria and norms for the creation and management of conservation units.
Along with the creation of the law, several concepts were instituted, among them the units of conservation that are "territorial spaces and their environmental resources, including jurisdictional waters, with relevant natural characteristics, legally established by the Government, with conservation objectives and limits defined, under a special administrative regime, to which adequate guarantees of protection are applied " (BRASIL, 2000).
There are several objectives foreseen in the law that are linked to the SNUC, which may be emphasized to contribute to the maintenance of biological diversity and resources, to protect endangered species throughout the national territory; to promote sustainable development, preserving and restoring ecosystem diversity; to protect natural landscapes and relevant geological, geomorphological, speleological, archaeological, paleontological and cultural characteristics; to recover or restore degraded ecosystems; to protect the natural resources necessary for the subsistence of traditional populations, to respect and value their knowledge and culture and promote them socially and economically and others.
In order to be able to respect the positioning of the SNUC, it was necessary to determine some guidelines to govern its activities, as described in art. It is noteworthy that both SNUC's objective and the guidelines converge towards sustainable development, but it does not fail to consider the existing culture of the residents who lived there.

Sustainable development
The concepts of sustainability started in 1972 at the United Nations Conference in Stockholm and thereafter it was defined that sustainable development is a process of change in which resource exploitation, investment and development should be linked to the needs of generations: current and future. Thus, the concept of sustainable development has broken the frontiers and has reached a high point at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio-92) in which "[...] sustainable development was recognized as a new universal paradigm, although the concept is not clear " (BECKER, 1994).
Also in Rio-92, there was the production of Agenda 21 with the objective of disseminating the concepts of sustainable development throughout the world to protect the right of human beings to live and produce always in harmony with nature without leaving aside the concern with an economy compatible with the development and environmental needs of present and future generations (COSTA, 2012).
Over the years and with the growing concern for sustainable development, the United Nations Conference in 2012 had this aspect as its theme and was it called Rio + 20. When reading the objectives and results of the conference, it is observed that the objective was to establish a plan for humanity to pursue its development processes, yet with quality of life and managing scarce natural resources. However Social sustainability aims to reduce social inequalities through the implementation of quality of life for the entire population, the production of goods primarily to meet social needs, equal access to social services and fair distribution of income.
Economic sustainability aims to increase production and social wealth through the implementation of efficient management that seeks to reduce regional differences, guarantees food security, autonomy in scientific and technological research, absorption of environmental and other costs.
Environmental sustainability aims to improve the quality of the environment by respecting the capabilities of the ecosystem and nature to absorb the impacts and recover from the aggressions provoked by the development of humanity. Political sustainability has the objective of providing the full incorporation of ://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.6.4.17  ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O) individuals into the development process through the construction of citizenship. Ecological sustainability aims at preserving the potential of natural capital in the production of resources, producing with respect and prudence to ecological cycles of ecosystems, reducing energy intensity and increasing energy conservation, and reducing waste rates.

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Territorial sustainability aims at improving the urban and rural environment and overcoming disparities, avoiding excess agglomerations. Measures s uch as respect for nature's support capacity, comparison between economic growth, rates of productivity increase and population growth, age composition and other demographic variables, spatial deconcentration and other methods.

2.3.1
Forest Management Plans The management plan is an important instrument for the management of conservation units, as it establishes criteria and implementation strategies. This should be elaborated no more than five years after the creation of the Conservation Unit, since it will establish the zoning of the reserve and the rules of use of the area and rational and sustainable use of natural resources. The management plan should be prepared by the managing body of the Unit and approved by the deliberative councils in the case of extractive reserves or validated by the advisory councils in the case of other Conservation Units (IMAZON, 2011).
The management plan should be composed of objective and specific lines of action, so as to enable the evaluation and continuous improvement of management. To achieve these objectives efficiently and effectively, all management plans must consider an ecosystem approach, enable social participation and must be continuous and adaptive (SEMA, 2009). It is important to have strategies that consider: the public budget, since the hiring of the base team and the fiscalization and control actions are functions of the Union, the State or the Municipality; environmental compensation, as provided for in Law 9,985 / 2000 (SNUC), and concessions in public forests , since according to Law 11.284 / 2006 there should be an onerous concession of the exploitation of services and forest resources in Sustainable Use Conservation Units.
Law 12.651, of May 25, 2012, governs the protection of native vegetation, reduced the size of forest reserves, riparian forests and environmental advances that have been fought and conquested over decades, and foresees the management plan for native forests: to explore native forests within Legal Reserves, the owner must approve a Sustainable Forest Management Plan.
Sustainable forest management has the following technical and scientific bases: detailed characterization of the physical and biological resources; it must determine the existing stock; specify the intensity of exploitation compatible with the forest's environmental support capacity; clarify the cut cycle compatible with the time of restoration of the volume of product extracted from the forest; determine the natural regeneration time of the forest; to adopt adequate silvicultural and operational systems; monitor the development of the remaining forest; and to adopt mitigating measures of environmental and social impacts (BRAZIL, 2012).
With forest management, it is possible to use the forest products, timber and non-timber, maintaining its structure and its ecological functions.

III. METHODOLOGY
This research is qualified as applied, since it has the immediate purpose of identifying the restrictions that the population that inhabits the Extractive Reserves of the State of Rondônia is facing in the ecological / environmental and economic context in relation to the guidelines of the SNUC. And it also generates as a product the view that the extractivists have on migration, management plan and process of occupation of the extractive reserves.
According to Vianna (2013) descriptive research is a type of research describing the characteristics of a particular population or phenomenon, establishing relationships between variables and involves the use of standard techniques of data collection: questionnaire and systematic observation. Taking this into consideration, this is a descriptive research, as it records and describes the facts that were observed without interfering in them. For the study, a semi-structured questionnaire, interviews and on-site observation of the population characteristics were used. This research also qualifies as a qualitative approach, since according to André (1995) "they consist of detailed descriptions of situations with the objective of understanding individuals in their own terms" and has the natural environment as its direct source of data and the researcher as its main instrument. And in relation to procedures, it qualifies as ethnographic, since the main focus of interest of ethnographers is the description of culture (practices, habits, beliefs, values, languages and meanings) of a social group. Therefore, this type of research is considered appropriate to the present study.
For the execution of the research, a survey of all the families residing within the Extractive Reserves of the State of Rondônia was carried out, followed by the application of a semi-structured questionnaire to all heads of families and interviews. With the answers, the data were stratified and transformed into two tables to be demonstrated in the next topic.

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[ During the process of applying a questionnaire and conducting the interview with the heads of families residing in the extractive reserves, it was recorded that the Rio Cautário and Pacaás Novos Extractive Reserves have as their main characteristic the internal migration. In the reserve of Machadinho do Oeste, the external migration is highlighted, mainly from other reserves and neighboring municipalities. Probably this pattern is due to the search for the maintenance of the cultural characteristics of these peoples, besides the improvement of the conditions of life. Forest management, as it has been adopted in the reserves in Rondônia, is far from being an alternative for both the Reserves and the resident population, as they remain hostage to companies that promise to finance and execute the plans. The government's own organs are dependent on the companies, because they can not execute without their participation.
In the view of the extractivists, the forest management programs (FMP) have gained prominence among the residents, as it is pointed out as an alternative income, since they receive a promise to buy their products from the companies that are carrying out the management. The extrative reserves that have FMP in execution are: Aquariquara, Maracatiara, Rio Preto Jacundá, Massaranduba, Rio Cautário, Sucupira, Castanheira, Angelim, Itaúba e Piquiá.
The great majority of the extractivists interviewed have a good view of the management plan and affirms that it facilitates life within the reserve, as it ends up bringing improvements to the occupants. Others have stated that the plan as well as being a viable alternative for preservation is also a solution to the other problems of extractive reserves.
When questioned about the occupation of Extractive Reserves, the great concern that the interviewees showed was related to the areas that are uninhabited, because their great desire is for other people to occupy the reserves to fight the illegal exploitation of wood and the practice of invasion. Fig. 2 -shows the opinion of the interviewees, divided by reserve, in relation to the occupation or not of the Reserves.

How it is
There is a lack of dynamism in bureaucratic processes.
There is a lack of dynamism in bureaucrati c processes.
There is a lack of dynamism in bureaucrati c processes.
Source: Elaborated by the authors, 2017.
The same comparison occurred for the ecological / environmental perspective, considering the situations of how it should occur and how it occurs in the Resex of the State of Rondônia, shown in fig. 04.

How it should be
To seek to protect large areas by means of an integrated set of conservation units of different categories, near or contiguous, and their respective buffer zones and ecological corridors, integrating the different activities of nature preservation, sustainable use of natural resources and restoration and recovery ecosystems.

How it is
Creation of the Southern Mosaic with conservation units of the states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso and Amazonas in order to hinder deforestation.

Restric tions
Agent's view Delay in legal procedures.

How it is
There is a lack of dynamism in bureaucratic processes. Source: Elaborated by the authors, 2017.
For the economic perspective, it was carried out a comparison of expectations and restrictions of the situations of how it should occur and as it occurs in the reserves of the State of Rondônia, shown in fig. 05. for the resources lost.

How it is
The realization of Socioecono mic Diagnosis, aiming to have an overview of the extractive reserve.

Elaboration of Public
Policies focused on the permanence and quality of life of these populations.

Agent's view
Delay in legal procedures.
Delay in legal procedures.

How it is
There is a lack of dynamism in bureaucratic processes There is a lack of dynamism in bureaucratic processes Source: Elaborated by the authors, 2017.

V.
Final Considerations By analyzing in a general way all the aspects covered and based on the information collected during the research, it can be inferred that the legislation is in perfect condition to meet the needs of extractive reserves. However, the greatest need is of an effective follow-up by government agencies on how the implementation of extractivism is being carried out within the preservation areas, since as an explanation one must meet the limits established for a change in the current abandonment scenario that the vast majority of them are submitted.