Mapping of Scientific Production on Intellectual Property: A Bibliometric Analysis

The purpose of this article was to analyze the profile of bibliometric production published on intellectual property in the interval of 20 years, in the period from 1998 to 2018.The research was conducted in the scientific databases of the Google Scholar platform and Scopus. The searches carried out in the databases took place through the insertion of the keywords "propriedade intelectual" (term in Portuguese) and "intellectual property" in the field referring to the "title" of the cited databases.During the searches 37,099 publications related to the topic intellectual property were identified. Among the areas of knowledge identified in the research, the one that had the most prominence in the number of publications was Social Sciences, with 1,237 articles published. With regard to the authors, the highlight in the amount of publications was to the American professor Keith Eugene Maskus, with 11 articles published. According to the survey, the journal with the highest number of publications was the Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, published by the Indian National Institute of Communication and Scientific Information Resources, with 73 articles. It is worth noting that most of these articles were written in English, in total 2,399 articles were published in that language.The country with the largest number of publications on intellectual property was the United States, with 767 articles published, 27 of which were published by the University of California, Berkeley. Keywords—Bibliometrics, Scientific Production, Intellectual Property.


INTRODUCTION
Over the years, bibliometric research has played a key role in academic studies, guiding scientific production and technological development in several areas of knowledge. A bibliometric research aims to show the development of academic studies in a specific technological area, identifying its main researchers, the institutions that present the largest volume of publications, as well as the regions and countries that excel in these academic productions. In addition, a bibliometric research is presented as an indispensable tool in the analysis of academic scientific productions, because the data in these studies show the evolution and the advances occurred in a certain area of knowledge [16]. The bibliometric research carried out in this work is about intellectual property.Intellectual property is a protection granted to human intellectual creations, granting its inventors the right to obtain financial rewards for the use of them, for a determined period of time [2]. The protection of intellectual property enables the socioeconomic and technological development of a country by encouraging innovation, creativity, technical and scientific development and the expansion of various productive sectors of the economy [1]. For Oliveira and Boente [10] technological innovation is the primary condition for the evolution of bibliometrics studies, becoming an extremely indispensable tool to assist the researcher in the search for data that can provide support to the field of scientific production and dissemination of knowledge. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the academic scientific production related to the area of intellectual property in the last 20 years (from 1998 to 2018), providing researchers and academy with an overview of scientific-technological studies and advances in this area during this period. This article is divided into five sections.The first section presents an introduction on the topics covered in this research. The second section presents a brief review of the literature related to the topics: bibliometrics and intellectual property. The third section shows the methodology used in the development of this research. The fourth section presents the analysis of the data obtained in the research. The fifth s ection brings the final considerations on the research.

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Intellectual Property
The first manifestations on the use of the intellectual property occurred in the years of 1330, with the concession of the monopoly for the manufacture of glasses by the King of France Philippe de Valois and of 1406, with the hiring of craftsmen of Lombardy by the government of Florence, Italy, for the manufacture of products intended for the textile industry for a period of three years. During these three years, the artisans of Lombardy had exclusivity on the products developed, as well as the exemption of taxes on the production and commercialization of the same, but in contrast, they had the obligation to transfer the knowledge acquired in the manufacture of these products to the local artisans [11]. During the Middle Ages, the privileges were granted by the Monarchs, and were based exclusively on subjective criteria such as good will and sympathy. In addition, the terms of validity of the concessions varied according to the characteristics of the privileges that were granted to its inventors [9]. Other historical facts that marked the scene of international intellectual protection were: The United States Constitution of 1787 and the French Law of 1790.Both established in their articles that the protections of inventions were attributed by means of patents to their inventors [11]. The need for international protection of intellectual property was strengthened in 1873 in the city of Vienna from a manifest by exhibitors refusing to participate in an international invention show, arguing that it would not be possible to guarantee the protection of their inventions, under the risk of being improperly copied by other inventors and subsequently commercially exploited [8]. In view of this scenario, the first instruments of international protection related to intellectual property appeared: The Paris Convention (CUP), in 1883, which dealt with the protection of industrial property, and the Berne Convention (CUB) in 1886, to copyright protection. The Paris Convention of 1883 originally involved 14 countries and was based on three principles: 1) the independence of the granting of patents between the signatory countries, which determined the validity of patent concessions only at the national level; 2) that of equal treatment for nationals and foreigners, which assured all signatory countries the same advantages as those provided for in their legislation; 3) and the right of priority, which guarantees the applicant for a patent of invention or a model of utility, the right to deposit it in other signatory countries, within a maximum period of 12 months, counted from the date of your first deposit [6]. In the international arena, another important instrument for the protection of intellectual property was the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), signed in Washington, USA, on June 19, 1970, to develop the patent system and technology transfer among member countries.Through the PCT it is possible to simultaneously claim the protection of a patent of invention in several countries by submitting a single international patent application. Intellectual property is a driving force for the technological, economic, scientific and social development of a country.Through its protection mechanisms, it is possible to ensure and guarantee the rights of ownership of various human inventions. Bibliometrics According to Silva et al. [14] "The term bibliometric is derived from the fusion of the suffix"metric"with bibliography, information, science and library respectively, are analogous or very close in nature, objectives and applications". According to Vanti [18] "bibliometric studies are also used to evaluate the productivity and quality of the scientists' research, by measuring them based on the numbers of publications and quotations of the various researchers". Bibliometrics as a method has the advantage of "softening the elements of judgment and producing quantitative results that tend to be the sum of many small judgments and judgments made by various people" [13]. A bibliometric research allows the identification and description of a series of patterns in the production of scientific knowledge. In addition, it serves to estimate with quality and quantity, the production of published scientific articles on a particular theme, highlighting the main authors (researchers and institutions) involved in this process, who collaborate for the enhancement of science [4]. In Table 1 shows some of the main bibliometric indicators [17]:   [15]. In Brazil, the lack of indexation of Brazilian journals (areas of administration, accounting sciences, tourism, among others) in the collection of large databases has discouraged the creation of a culture of more sophisticated bibliometric indicators by the Brazilian scientific community until the beginning of the 21st century [15].

III.
METHODOLOGY "The method materializes as the set of several steps or steps that must be followed to carry out the research and which configure the techniques" [5]. The methodology used in this research had a quantitative and descriptive character, which initially had a bibliographical survey on the subjects bibliometrics and intellectual property, carried out through researches in scientific articles, dissertations, theses, seminars and periodicals of the area. Then, bibliometric researches were carried out in the scientific production databases of the Google Scholar and Scopus platforms, from articles published in periodicals and annals of indexed congresses related to the subject of intellectual property. The time cut used in this research comprised the period from 1998 to 2018. Bibliometric research is widely used to quantify the processes of written communication related to a particular topic [12]. The quantitative technique seeks the theoretical basis in bibliometric laws and principles, detailing and outlining the paths that must be taken to map the scientific production [19]. Filho, Junior and Siqueira [7] affirm that https://dx. doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.6.3.17  ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O) www.ijaers.com Page | 148 the principle of bibliometrics is to analyze the scientific activity by the quantitative study of the publications. Bibliometric studies also allow the measurement of the content of theses, articles published in annals and periodicals, among others, by means of analyzes referring to authors, citations and methodology [3]. The bibliometric research developed in this work had the following process steps: definition of the research theme; choice of databases; elaboration of search criteria; data collection and analysis of the results obtained. As for the search criteria used in the academic production databases, keywords were inserted in the "title" field of the cited databases, obeying the time interval established by the research (between 1998 and 2018). The keywords used in the research were: "propriedadeintelectual" (term in Portuguese) and "intellectual property". After the data collection, the data were transported to a spreadsheet, where they were processed, organized and tabulated, generating statistical graphs related to the bibliometric indicators related to the topic addressed in this research. Figure 1 shows the volume of articles related to the theme "propriedadeintelectual" (term in Portuguese) published in the Google Scholar platform database from 1998 to 2018. According to the data collected, 1,908 publications were identified over the analyzed period (20 years). This is equivalent to an average of 95.04 articles published per year. These figures show that studies in this area in Portuguese-speaking countries, especially in Brazil, have grown over the years, arousing the interest of researchers and institutions for the subject.    Table 2 shows the authors with the highest indexes of publications related to intellectual property in the Scopus database within the analyzed period.   Table 6 shows the countries that had the largest number of publications on intellectual property on the Scopus platform.The ranking of the five countries with the highest number of publications is led by the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, China, India and Australia. It is worth mentioning that Brazil occupies one of the last positions in this ranking, with only 42 publications. Regarding the language of the publications, it is observed in Table 7 that the highlight is for the English language, in view of the universality of this language.In addition to publications in the English language, there are also publications in several languages, which shows that the subject of intellectual property has a worldwide scope and arouses the interest of researchers worldwide. Hebrew 01

IV. DATA ANALYSIS
Hungarian 01 Lithuanian 01 Persian 01 V. CONCLUSION Scientific knowledge is an important mechanism for the technological evolution of a country and a society.The measurement of this knowledge through bibliometrics allows to evaluate the performance of researchers, institutions and periodicals, taking into account quantitative and qualitative metrics. This bibliometric research aimed to map scientific articles and other academic productions related to the subject intellectual property, published in the bases and data of Google Scholar and Scopus, in the temporal cut of 20 years, more precisely between the years of 1998 to 2018. The theme of ownership was chosen for this research as one of the main propulsive springs for the technological, economic and social development of a country, increasing its competitiveness in the national and international market, assuring to the companies the protection of its investments and combating piracy. In this bibliometric research 37,099 publications were identified related to the subject intellectual property.The largest volume of publications occurred in 2012, with 2,342 published articles, 122 on the Google Scholar platform and 2,220 on the Scopus platform.These articles were selected and analyzed for authors, areas of knowledge, journals where they were published, institutions represented in the articles, countries that published the articles and languages in which they were written. As for the authors, the highlight in the number of publications was to the American professor Keith Eugene Maskus, with 11 articles published. Regarding the areas of knowledge identified in the research, it is observed that the Social Sciences area obtained the largest number of publications, with 1,237 articles published.
Among the journals identified in the research, it was verified that the Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, published by the Indian National Institute of Communication and Scientific Information Resources, presented the largest number of publications, with 73 articles published. The institution with the largest volume of publications in the area of intellectual property identified in this research was the University of California, Berkeley, United States, with 27 articles published.It is worth mentioning that the United States was the country with the largest number of publications, with 767 articles published.In addition, most of the articles published in the two databases, related to intellectual property, were written in English, in total 2,399 articles were published in that language. The results of this research point to a significant increase in the number of publications related to intellectual property, highlighting the importance of the topic to the scientific community and contributing to the world's technological and economic development.