Characterization of solid waste from the beaches of Itapuã, Stella Maris and Flamengo in Salvador/Bahia/Brazil

— The disposal of solid waste in the sand strips of the beaches tends to cause environmental, social, economic and public security damages. This can lead to risks of contamination by infectious diseases and a demotivating look at the natural wealth of the marine environment. In this way, this work aimed to characterize the solid residues of the beaches of Itapuã, Stella Maris and Praia of Flamengo, aiming to provide subsidies for Environmental Education campaigns, in order to sensitize the population. This research is of qualitative and quantitative nature, being also exploratory and of field. The survey results indicated that the most representative classes found on the three study beaches were plastic and wood, followed by non-recyclable waste. The cigarette filters were classified as not recycled and were expressive in numbers of the category in quantity in the three beaches. In this way, the significant amount of solid waste on Itapuã beach can be attributed to its geographical location with easy accessibility to its regulars and traders, in addition to the quality of the water for bathing, low level of turbidity of the waters and small height of waves.

However, the environmental quality of these beaches after use is threatened due to the disposal of solid waste left by the population (residents, stallholders, bathers, tourists and street vendors) that end up polluting and causing negative impacts to the marine environment and tend to cause damage of order environmental, social, economic and public security (SANTANA-NETO et al., 2011).
Marine solid waste is of anthropogenic origin introduced by urban drainage, beach users, boats and platforms, being subdivided into classes such as plastic, paper, metal, glass, organic material, wood and nonrecyclable waste, and consisting mainly of material little degradable or non-degradable, which inevitably accumulates in the environment can cause major problems (ORTIZ, 2010).
The presence of solid residues found in coastal and marine environments, in addition to polluting the sand and coastal waters, causing the risk of contamination by skin This type of pollution can compromise the quality of coastal and marine ecosystems, changing the life of microorganisms and sand microfauna, as well as attracting the presence of disease-transmitting animals, such as rats, pigeons and vultures (SOUZA; SILVA, 2015).
The characterization of solid waste arising from inadequate disposal on the beaches of Itapuã, Stella Maris and Praia do Flamengo, will have socio-environmental relevance, since, after identification, they will provide subsidies for Environmental Education campaigns, in order to raise awareness among the local population (residents and tents) and floating (bathers, tourists and street vendors) of the importance of correct disposal to minimize present and future environmental, social, economic and public safety losses.
In this way, this work aimed to characterize the solid residues of the beaches of Itapuã, Stella Maris and Praia do Flamengo, aiming to provide subsidies for Environmental Education campaigns, in order to raise awareness and make the population sensitive to environmental issues. In this sense, this research is of a qualitative and quantitative nature, being also exploratory and field. Thus, the results found indicate that the most representative classes found in the three study beaches were plastic and wood, followed by non-recyclable waste. Cigarette filters were classified in the non-recycled class and were expressive in numbers of the category in quantity in the three beaches.
Therefore, the expressive amount of solid waste on the beach of Itapuã is attributed to its geographical location in the capital of Bahia with easy accessibility to its regulars and traders, in addition to the quality of the water for bathing, low level of turbidity of the water and small height of waves. Furthermore, the high levels of the plastic waste class, such as disposable cups, straws and their packaging, the non-recyclable waste class, such as cigarette filters, and the wood class, such as barbecue and popsicle sticks, are associated with products frequently sold on the beaches by street vendors.

STUDY AREA
This study was carried out on the beaches of Itapuã with Latitude: 12 ° 57'2.86 "S and Longitude  www.ijaers.com Page |158

SAMPLING
The collections took place in February 2019 on the beaches of Itapuã (Fig. 2), then the beach of Stella Maris and ending on the beach of Flamengo, obeying a 3-hour workload during the day shift through the scanning method at foot parallel to the sea line, covering a certain area of the beach around 1 km from each one, allowing better displacement and visualization of the solid residues found (MARIANO, 2000 apud CALDAS, 2007). The collected residues were separated and qualified and qualified in loco (Fig. 3) using the collection form, being subdivided into classes such as plastic, paper, metal, glass, organic matter, wood and non-recyclable waste according to CONAMA Resolution No. 275, of April 25, 2001. That resolution establishes the color code for the different types of waste to be adopted in the identification by collectors and transporters, as well as in information campaigns for selective collection. After this qualification process, the residues were quantified by units in each class, which were again bagged and transported for weighing and endin with the appropriate destination.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A total of 4,840 kg were collected, with a greater amount of solid waste found on Itapuã beach with 2,820 kg (58,26%), followed by Stella Maris beach 1,820 kg (24,38%) and Flamengo beach 0,840g (17 , 2%) ( Table 1,  2 and 3).   The results obtained show a high value of solid residues present at Itapuã beach (715 units), followed by Stella Maris (440 units) and beach of Flamengo (170 units) (Fig. 4). This high value of urban waste collected on the beach of Itapuã may be related because it is in an urbanized environment with houses, inns, hotels, restaurants and beach huts and many street vendors on the sand strip, facilitating the availability of public transportation on site. As for the classes: plastic, paper, metal, glass, organic matter, wood and non-recyclable waste, plastic stands out as the most representative with 507 units, followed by wood with 388 units, non-recyclable with 266 units and metals with 157 , the other classes such as paper and organics collected were represented by numbers below 100 units (Fig. 4). Plastic and wood residues, followed by non-recyclable residues, were found in greater quantities, similar to the works carried out by Caldas (2007); Santana Neto (2009) and Brito (2014) also on the beaches of Salvador -BA.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS
Among the classes of waste characterized as glass, it was the only class not found on the three beaches, corroborating the similarity of the work of Cerqueira (2015) carried out on the beach of Itapuã, Salvador -BA.
Waste of the non-recyclable class totaling 266 units collected, with 252 units being cigarette cigarette filters, which correspond to 94.73% collected. The large quantity of cigarette filters was also cited in the works carried out by Santos and Bonetti (2018) in São Paulo on the beach of Guaratatuba and, in Salvador, on the beach of Porto of Barra, authored by Santana Neto (2009).

IV. CONCLUSION
The results obtained indicate that the beaches have high tourist and recreational potential due to the easy access to several communities in Salvador, metropolitan region and proximity to the International Airport of the capital and, therefore, a tourist attraction in which factors that collaborate in the significant quantification of waste and in diversification as to their classes. Therefore, visitors to the three beaches studied have a behavior in which, after use, they do not collect the waste generated, disregarding the care with the preservation of the environment.
Thus, the high levels of the class of plastic waste such as disposable cups, straws and their packaging, the class of non-recyclable waste such as cigarette filters and the wooden class such as barbecue and popsicle sticks are associated with products often sold on the beaches. by street vendors. Among the most commonly found materials associated with human consumption are cigarette filters (252 units), popsicle sticks (184 units), barbecue sticks (152 units), disposable cups (99 units), straws (96 units) and lids. pet bottle (65 units).
Given the above, it is necessary to intensify awareness campaigns with the support of the principles of environmental education in neighborhoods and streets close to the beaches through frequent dialogues with the local population (residents and tent workers) and floating (bathers, tourists and street vendors). Other tools would be easily accessible advertising campaigns and social media as technological resources showing the importance of not generating waste, conscious consumption and correct disposal of products consumed on the beaches.
In addition to the participation of the population, it is also of fundamental importance to take as a starting point the actions promoted by public management in the management and correct disposal of waste collected in the capital of Bahia, especially on the seafront, since activities aimed only at cleaning the place do not has guaranteed the partnership with the employees of the recycling services of the collected products.