Adjusting the Capital Index (ICS), to the Population of Santarém-Pa, It’s Capacity for Mobilization and Political Action the Environmental Exposure to Mercury

Until the mid-1980s, the scientific literature focused on the environmental issue, particularly in the Brazilian Amazon, attributed the mercurial contamination, the anthropic action, especially the mining activities. The region of Santarém, in the state of Pará, was chosen to conduct this research because it is at the center of the discursions of mercury contamination in the Amazon. The objective of this study is to analyze the perception of risk to mercury contamination in the population of Santarém, with the application of Integrated Questionnaires to Measure the Social Capital Index - QI-MCS proposed by the World Bank. The methodological procedures were based on the application of structured questionnaires in open and closed questions, through individual interviews, which addressed several aspects related to groups and networks; trust and solidarity; collective action and cooperation; information and communication; cohesion and social inclusion; authority or capacity building and political action; mercury contamination. In order to determine the ICS, variables that express interpersonal relationships among community members were considered as well as their participation in participatory and cooperative associations. It is concluded that the risk is underestimated by the local population, since it does not have enough information regarding the mercurial contamination and actions taken by the State to prevent this type of accident.


I. INTRODUCTION
The Social Capital Index (ICS), defined first by Pierre Bourdieu as "the aggregate of actual or potential resources linked to the possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relations of knowledge or mutual recognition" (Bourdieu, 1958 ), apud PORTES (1998)), will be analyzed in this work, where its assessment to the population of Santarém, state of Pará, Amazonia Brazil, was evaluated to measure the mobilization capacity and political action, when exposed to an environmental risk, in the case the mercurial contamination. For Bourdieu, this idea arises in an attempt to overcome the focus of traditional economic theory that fixes its eyes and attention only on economic and human capital, disregarding other forms of social exchanges, citing (HIGGINS, 2005). FIALHO (2004), affirms that every individual action makes possible the mobilization of the social structure, making possible an individual and collective gain. This would be a resource available only to the privileged classes, while the lower classes would be deprived of this power within the corporate structure. However this fact can be inferred because of its position in the social pyramid, says Bourdieu. Capital emphasizes the fact that non-monetary forms and relations can be important sources of power and influence, even when current literature shows that, because the concept is understood and evaluated in different ways, many criticisms have been made about its use (PATTUSSI, 2006). It is difficult to gauge, because it is lodged in the relations between individuals and individual groups. From the ideological point of view, social capital can be the empowerment of citizenship, pluralism and democratization. Within this perspective, we will adopt the point of view of COLEMAN (1990), where social capital manifests itself through cooperation networks and norms of collective reciprocity, in order to propose public policies aimed at meeting demands of the local population regarding access to information, prevention and control of possible mercury contamination in the research area. This situation is only possible because the individual is immersed in a network of dense social relations, according to this author. However, most of the time, the concept of social capital is used as an analytical category that seeks to explain how individuals and collectivities have access to differentiated resources in society. More specifically, it seeks to understand how different networks of relationships are articulated, which can bring individual or collective benefits, even though it originates in a network of relationships, and is an individual attribute that allows access to resources differentiated not only from nature but also those referring to social status -symbolic capitaland cultural goods -cultural capital. (VENEROUS, 2014). The objective of this research is to test the proposal to measure the social capital index from the Integrated Questionnaire to Measure the Social Capital Index -QI-MCS, proposed by the Working Group on Social Capital of the World Bank in 2008. Applying this methodology may be the tip of the lance and an alternative to measure the social capital of a population, with this, to detect the organizational capacity and mobilization in the face of extreme events that could compromise their corporate organizations, collective welfare, measure their mobilization and action power environmental exposure to mercury.

II.
MATERIAL AND METHO D The municipality of Santarém, is located in the region of the mouth of the Tapajós river, confluences with the Amazon river, mesoregion of the Lower Amazon and the microregion Santarém in the western portion of the state, coordinates 02o 25 '30 "S and 54o 42' 50" W Gr, (IDESP / SEPOF-Pa, 2011) (   1) Groups and networks -considers social participation in social organizations, formal and informal networks and feedback of these relationships. The Network would be the various daily friendship relationships of the individual or organizations, usually known as the network.
2) Trust and solidarity -this item seeks to elicit data on trust in individual relationships between extrafamilial elements, service providers and their variations over time.
3) Collective action and cooperation -this category investigates the working relationships of household members and the community in joint projects and / or joint responses to a crisis and consequences of noncompliance with the expectations generated by such participation. In this case, we will consider environmental contamination by Hg, a central theme in our research. 4) Information and communication -access to information as a central theme to help impoverished communities to have an active voice in matters related to their well-being (World Bank, 2002, apud Grootaert, 2009). Especially information on markets and public services. 5) Cohesion and social inclusion -seeks to identify social relations between co-opted individuals and their everyday relationships within and outside their social niche. Which groups are excluded from essential public services, taking into account their social interactions. 6) Authority or empowerment and political action -here the empowerment, or empowerment of the cooperative and capacity to act together is observed and quantified. These variables served as indicators to form the ICS in the Tapajós bay environment, all applied in the five communities at random and based on previous surveys of social capital, and contributions of the authors to observations of issues related to this problem .

Location of IQ-MCS application points
The choice of places to be applied the IQ-MCS was not by chance, the urban area of Santarém, was chosen because it is the municipality directly associated with contamination by this metal; the Alter do Chão Village, functions as an important tourist pole, in the scenario, state and national, therefore, an area directly impacted with possible dissemination of environmental contamination by Hg; the community of Arapixunas, located in the same hole, has its protein base in fish consumption, besides receiving seasonal influences from the waters of the Amazonas and Tapajós rivers, as well as communities along the Everaldo Martins Highway (Santarém-Alter do Chão), an area known as the Eixo Forte.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
[ The contribution of each variable (or indicator) in ICS is given by,

III.
RESULTS OBTAINED The calculated Capital Stock Index was 0.810 which corresponds to a high level of social capital according to the scale that classifies the level of accumulation and described above. Table 1 shows the participation of the indicators in the constitution of the ICS. Those responsible for the lowest level of social capital accumulation of the items presented were the willingness of others to lend money, people willing to help, chance of someone taking advantage of third party, and trust in local government members. On the other hand, the indicators that contributed the most to increasing social capital accumulation were the number of times people asked for community, the ability to change lives, feelings of happiness and feelings about crime and violence. This indicates people willing to strive for collective well-being (altruism to be taken into account), great capacity to face changes in their lives, high satisfaction and happiness, and people with a personal capacity and a high degree of sociability of people living in the community in localities.

Descriptive analyzes of IQ-MCS dimensions
The values not stated in the percentage of each category, then, refer to individuals who did not know or did not answer the questions in each item analyzed. In these results are presented only the most significant categories for conclusion of the research, as we will see next.
In  Regarding the occupation, the interviewees belong to the same occupational branch, 64.74%, against 24.17%, and the same social class. The schooling presents a significant difference, 40.60%, stating that they do not have the same level of schooling as the other members of the family group. This statement may be related to the increase in social achievements reached by the lower class population, including access to formal education Among those surveyed they occasionally work outside their communities, being this their main space where they develop their economic activities, 55.39%. This situation corroborates, for the degree of confidence among members, who occasionally declare (33.81%), talk to each other about particular matters or when they need help; another 41.44%, say they often use this habit. They even declare that they have one to five people of confidence in their range of action 51.79% of the ears.
Another 62.58% said that if they needed a s mall amount of money, these members would be willing to provide them. In Confidence and Solidarity, when asked about the level of trust among group members, they say they trust themselves, but 79.85% say they can never be too careful. This item questions the degree of relationship and trust between individual members, directly related community and In this category, participation and trust in local, state and central (federal) government members were also evaluated and in both cases the evaluation was not v ery receptive. Regarding the local government the trust index, I totally trust or trust very much, they were below 10%, while I trust very little, with 47.48%, almost half of those interviewed  /dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.11.23  ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O) In relation to the members of the state government, the indexes are worse, 0,0% and 5,03% of the respondents declare to totally trust or to trust in the government. On the other hand, 53.95% are very close to the actions of the state government. Representing a high rate of population rejection and approval The central government evaluations are also not the best, being very close to the rejection rates of the state government, with 0.0% and 7.19%, for I totally trust and trust a lot, respectively 49.64%, I very much trust little In Collective Action and Cooperation, the response of the communities, their participation in collective activities, aimed at the common good, were evaluated, as if they would be willing to work on solutions to a possible problem of water supply, even if it did not reach it. The responses were very satisfactory, with a rate of 61.14%, two respondents stating that very likely, would help solve the problem. In Information and Communication, the number of telephone calls received by individuals and the main and most important sources of information about what governments are doing for the common good of the population were considered. Television and radio are still the main means of communication, which socialize the actions of governments to society, with 22.06% and 20.62%, respectively, even when it is opportune to choose more than one vehicle in the total of three sources of information.
Cohesion and Social Inclusion, in this modality the interviewee is given the opportunity to evaluate the differences in characteristics between people living in the same neighborhood or locality. For example, differences in income, social position, ethnic origin, race, caste, or tribe. They were also able to take into account differences in religious beliefs, politics, age and sex. In this respect, significant differences that could generate some disturbance in the collective were not identified by the groups. Among the questions proposed in the questionnaires are: difference in education, land tenure, wealth / material possession, social position, between men and women, generations, new and old residents, political affiliation and religious belief. There is a balance from the point of view of the interviewee.

IV. CONCLUSION
The analysis of the Social Capital Index, referring to the IQ-MCS methodology proposed by the World Bank, applied in the surroundings of the Tapajós river bay, Santarém-Pa., Allowed to recommend it as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the concept of quality of life and elaboration of public policies in the region surveyed. It is important to emphasize the importance of introducing the quality of life evaluation among the performance indicators in health programs and interventions, thus incorporating the perspective of the subjects targeted by these actions. Therefore, the application of IQ-MCS in Santarém is that the related communities have a high level of social capital, where we can estimate a capacity for mobilization and political action the environmental exposure to mercury in the region of the bay of the Tapajós river, by local communities. Especially when observed a proactivity of the populations involved, related to events that compromise their collective well-being. Although it has demonstrated the presence of social capital, there does not seem to be an effective use of these resources, in many cases, probably due to the lack of leadership or more persuasive means of convincing.