Characterization of Publications that Discuss the Bauman’s Theory of Liquidity and its Relationship with Management Aspects

This study aims at characterizing the publications that discuss the Bauman's theory of liquidity and investigating its relationship with management aspects. To this end, a systematic review was used with metaanalysis involving a type of exploratory research and a mixed data analysis approach, i.e., qualitative and quantitative. The PSPP, Ucinet® and Nvivo® softwares were used as support. Data collection was through the bibliographic review of articles, dissertations and theses selected in the Web of Science, SCOPUS and CAPES Thesis and Dissertations Database. The results show that most of the studies researched used Bauman's theory of liquidity as a background to contextualize the phenomenon studied and are, also in their majority, theoretical. The empirical studies found do not corroborate the theory of liquidity and are also unrelated to management. Keywords— Theory of liquidity. Bauman. Empiricism. Meta-analysis. Management.


INTRODUCTION
Bauman's theory of liquidity has been widely discussed in the academic world in the most diverse fields of professional training. This theory, which began to be discussed from the end of the 1990s, deals with the fluidity and lightness of the actions, attitudes, behaviors and decisions of individuals living in a society that is considered liquid. Contrary to what is solid, which has clear spatial dimensions, liquids undergo constant shape change when they are subjected to any tension. This is because the changes that occur nowadays are highly rapid, as pointed out (Leal, 2002) when stating that this era is marked by the confusion of concepts, and that relativism is a striking feature, thus, with the loss or abandonment of theoretical references there is little possibility of deepening the reflection on the problems and by implication, generate equally rapid consequences and responsibilities. In the same way, these actions, attitudes and behavior are replaced by others with the same or faster frequency. And, an important point is that it is not a matter of mere ephemerality, but of a set of values that leads 'humanity' to paths that are often unknown, and with obscure destinies. To melt the solid, according to Bauman (2001), implies in changing the stagnant and too resistant society to mold the new wills and ambitions of the individual, since the 'communist Manifesto,' about 150 years ago. In this period, melting the solid meant the "[...] repudiation and dethronement of the past [...] the crushing of the forged armor of beliefs and loyalties that allowed the solids to resist 'liquefaction'." (Bauman, 2001, p. 10). However, the melted solid was remade and re-molded into another form, but now into a liquid configuration that under pressure adapts and changes form again. As Bauman (2001, p. 14) writes, "[...] people were freed from their old cages only to be admonished and censored if they could not reallocate themselves, through their own dedicated, continuous and truly endless efforts [...]." The author further indicates that "[...] the task of free individuals was to use their new freedom to find the appropriate niche and there to settle and adapt: faithfully following the rules and modes of conduct identified as appropriate [...]." Thus, one realizes that the liquid obtained from the solid is shaped in order to solidify again, that is, it causes individuals to have to adapt to new beliefs and loyalties, and thus, new cages. Another crucial point in modern society is that time is more important than space. In solidity, the territorial space was synonymous with power, in liquidity, the headquarters space the importance for time. As Bauman (2001) points out, the contemporary global elite is formed by 'absent lords.' This implies that they can dominate economic, social and technological aspects without taking care of business administration, the well-being of employees or even the socioeconomic development of the place. Thus, liquid modernity implies that power is also fluid, mobile and increasingly slippery. Bauman (2001) points out that the advent of liquid modernity has produced profound changes in the human condition in aspects such as emancipation, individuality, time and space, work and community. Thus, the liquid society increasingly instigates that individuals seek freedom. Freedom to be, to have, to act beyond others the other possibilities of nuances that freedom can have. However, in order there is freedom, the emancipation of man is necessary. To emancipate, you have to free yourself from society. However, Bauman is based on Marcuse in raising a problem faced for emancipation, which is that "[...] few people wanted to be liberated, even less were willing to act for it, and virtually nobody was sure how the 'liberation of society' could be distinguished from the state in which it was found" (Bauman, 2001, p. 26). This concern refers to Plato (2012) when discussing what became known as the myth of the cave: people who lived in a cave, trapped with their faces facing the bottom only knew the world through shadows that were projected into this cave. When freed, they would feel afraid to leave and see the world 'just like it is.' Therefore, as Marcuse (1967, s. p.) points out, "We are dealing with the dialectics of liberation (in fact, a redundant phrase, because I believe that all dialectics is liberation) and not only liberation in the intellectual sense, but liberation involving the mind and the body, liberation that involves all human existence." The author continues with the following question: In what sense, which aspect treats dialectical liberation? Would it be the liberation of an organic system (regardless of being a social, mental or intellectual system), which is repressive, false or bad? Understanding this is a decisive point in search for freedom. Marcuse (1967) also indicates that today, in fact since 1967, there is a different historical context for freedom, since, in general, one no longer lives in an oppressive society, but on the contrary, one lives in a relatively functional, rich and powerful society, that is, one seeks the liberation of an affluent society. This implies that the problem facing us now is the need for liberation, not from a poor, disintegrating society, nor from a terrorist society in most cases, but from a society that, in a generalized way, supplies the material and cultural needs of man. In this way, individuals are facing the liberation of a society where liberation is apparently without a mass base. Marcuse's reflections lead us to understand that freedom today is not free, that is, freedom is imposed, but, if the individual is free, what will he/she do with that freedom? But, in order to answer this question, it is necessary to clarify, what is freedom? To be or to feel free, according to Bauman (2001, p. 26) is, "[...] not to experience difficulty, obstacle, resistance or any other impediment to the intended or conceivable movements." The author also points out that "in the land of individual freedom to choose, the option of escaping individualization and refusing to participate in the game of individualization is decidedly out of play" (2001, p. 47). And he adds that "[...] both in the light and fluid stage of modernity and in the solid and heavy, individualization is a fatality and not a choice" (2001, p. 47). Individualization, although it has always existed, in liquid modernity is more eloquent. As Bauman (2001) points out, it (individualization) elevates the ever-increasing number of people to an unprecedented freedom, but it also brings the unprecedented task of facing the consequences. Another relevant point when it comes to individualization is that there are two types of individuals: Dejure and De facto. Dejure individual is born from compulsive selfcriticism, that is, he/she is the one who has no one to blame for his/her own misery, that is, who does not seek out (from himself/herself) the reasons for his/her own defeat but in his/her own laziness and there is no other solution but to continue trying with greater determination. Coexisting with the risk of self-reproach on a daily basis is no easy task. And the consequence of this is to focus on one's own performance, which leads to divert attention from the social space where the contradictions of the individual's existence are collectively produced, thus forgetting about political life. Defacto individual, on the other hand, is the one who controls the resources indispensable to genuine self-determination, that is, the one who takes control over his/her destiny and makes decisions that he/she truly desires (Bauman, 2001). In this sense, the great question that Bauman points out in this reflection is that the evolution of the individual cannot exist without this look at the social space, at political life. "The jure individual cannot become a Defacto individual without first becoming a citizen. There are no autonomous individuals without an autonomous society, and the autonomy of society requires a deliberate and perpetual self-constitution, something that can only be a shared achievement of its members" (Bauman, 2001, p. 55). Freedom and autonomy are intimately linked to thought, and refers once again to Plato, when he pointed out that perhaps there was no communication between those who "left the cave" and those who "stayed in the cave," since those who stayed would not listen to those who left. About this, Adorno (1951, p. 14) points out that "[...] no thought is immune to its communication, and it is enough to express it in a false place and in a false agreement to undermine its truth." Complementing on the importance of thought and communication Kant (1783, p. 1) points out that: Enlightenment is the departure of the human being from its self-incurred minority, of which he himself is guilty. Minority is the inability to make use of one's understanding without the direction of another individual. The human being is guilty of this minority himself if the cause is not the lack of understanding, but the lack of decision and courage to use himself without the direction of another. Sapereaude! Have the courage to make use of your own understanding, this is the motto of enlightenment.
Adding, Adorno (1951, p. 35) indicates that "The problem, almost insoluble, consists here in not allowing oneself to get imbecile either by the power of others or by one's own impotence." Thus, it is clear that knowledge is an essential element for the individual's autonomy, i.e., to be able to manage himself/herself by taking his/her own decisions. Another important point about knowledge is pointed out by Adorno and Horkheimer (1969, p. 5), who state that "power and knowledge are synonyms." And that "Between knowledge and power there exists not only a relationship of servility, but also of truth. Much knowledge, although formally true, is null outside of all proportion with the distribution of powers" (Adorno, 1951, p. 34). Still, on knowledge and power, Bauman (2001) points out that the union between these two elements that was only imaginative in Plato's time, became a premise of philosophy and a commonly repeated statement of politics. However, the author also highlights that emancipating and liberating ambitions face an obstacle: how to limit the corrupting impact of power and domination to those who are indifferent or resistant to change? Anyway, as Bauman (2001) says, it is in this liquid society that we find the opportunities and threats of individual autonomy, autonomy that cannot exist except in an autonomous society, that which does not let knowledge be corrupted by power. Thus, in this context, one has as research question: Which areas and themes corroborate Bauman's theory of liquidity, and what is its relationship with management aspects? Therefore, the objective of this study is to characterize the publications that discuss Bauman's theory of liquidity, and as specific objectives, to list which areas corroborate Bauman's theory and to investigate its relationship with management aspects.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The systematic review implies a series of actions to achieve the proposed objective, thus, the type of exploratory research will be used, and, according to Lakatos and Marconi (2010), it is the one that allows the researcher to have greater contact with the phenomenon studied. As for the data analysis, this will happen through the mixed nature. The research of quantitative nature, according to Fachin (2006), is the one where the data are quantified and measured. As for the qualitative approach, Richardson et al. (2008) cite that this differs from the quantitative since it does not use statistical instruments in its analysis. Thus, some data are not proven with numbers. According to (Sampaio & Mancini, 2007) the systematic review is a verification that investigates secondary data in search of evidence on a given theme. These are useful to integrate the information from a grouping of studies conducted separately on a given theme, which may present contradictory or coincident results, as well as identify themes that require evidence, helping in the direction of future research. The steps of the systematic review are presented in the sequence. The inclusion/exclusion parameters for the selection of articles were as follows: with the descriptors we used Liquidity; liquid*; Bauman, without period limitation, and without restriction of type of document. The Web of Science resulted in 17 documents, 13 of which were published, 3 articles in process, and 1 editorial material. The search in the SCOPUS database resulted in 152 documents that were articles and interviews, totaling 169 documents in both databases. The inclusion/description criteria were expanded with the items, language, type of document and accessibility (the article being free or paid for), in addition to the main one, dealing with Bauman's theory of liquidity. Although Qualis recognizes and classifies the best researches in Brazil, as indicated by Soeiro  programs are classified, and as the purpose of this research was to identify the use/discussion of a theory, it was chosen not to put it in the parameters and inclusion/exclusion.
The survey in the Capes Catalogue of Theses had as inclusion/exclusion criteria the area of Applied Social Sciences, discuss Bauman's theory of liquidity and be between the period 2016 and 2019, in addition to access to the full work. Figure 2 shows the process adopted.

Fig.2: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection of materials
Source: Prepared by the authors, 2019.
As it can be seen, a total of 25 documents were selected, 19 were full articles, with free access in Portuguese, English and Spanish, and 6 theses and dissertations from the Applied Social Sciences area that addressed Bauman's theory of liquidity in their programs. Among the documents excluded from the SCOPUS and Web of Science databases there are articles in Romanian and Croatian, abstract, critical essay on the theory, discussion on Bauman, biographical interview, presentation of the itinerary and reception of Bauman in France, paid articles, editorial material and duplicate articles. In the analysis approach will be carried out the metaanalysis that according to Rodrigues

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The 19 articles and 6 theses and dissertations are presented below. These will be analyzed in order to answer the research question: Which areas and themes corroborate Bauman's theory of liquidity, and what is its relationship with management aspects? As it can be seen in Chart 1, the articles selected for this research are distributed in several journals, most of them international. It is also possible to observe the selected theses and dissertations were developed in 4 universities with programs with scores between 4 and 5 in the MEC´s evaluation. The works that show in their keywords terms that refer to the Theory of Liquidity are dissertation 1 with the term 'Ódiolíquido,' dissertation 2 with the terms 'Vida líquida' and 'Trabalho immaterial,' thesis '3' also with the term 'Trabalhoimaterial' and dissertation 5 with the term 'Sociedadelíquido-moderna.' It is worth noting that thesis '3' and dissertation '4' deal with a similar subject 'CORPO.' In the thesis, the physical beautification is a requirement or prerequisite for the women who develop the management activity, and the dissertation that treats the body and contemporaneity regarding the standards of beauty and aesthetic consumption of women conveyed by the media. As for the articles, out of 19 selected, 8 are written by Brazilians. The number of authors per article varied from 1 to 4, and the nationalities per article varied from authors of the same nationality and mixed nationalities. The following figure shows the countries to which the authors belong. As pointed out, most of the authors are Brazilian, corresponding to 48.48% of the total of 33 authors in 19 articles from 14 different countries. In the sequence, the Iranians with 9.09% participation, Australia and Mexico with 6.06% each, other countries had only one author in the selected delimitation. The articles were analyzed for CAPES classification and SRJ Impact. According to CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, 2014), the Qualis-journals is a system used to classify the scientific production of graduate programs regarding articles published in scientific journals.The process is based on the information obtained through the Data Collection app, and the results are made available through a list with the classification of the vehicles used by the graduate programs. Still  Although 31% of the journals analyzed are A1, only 10.53% are in Quartile 1, which is the best quartile, the rest in Quartiles 3 and 4, since none of the selected papers were classified as Impact SRJ Q2. Still, 21% of the selected journals are classified as A2, and from these, none belong to Quartile 1. As it can be seen, 10.53% belong to Quartile 3, 5.26% to Quartile 4, and 5.26% are not classified by the SJR system. In addition, 26.32% of the selected articles are not 'Qualified' and 21.05% have no impact factor. The qualifications by database are shown below.

Fig.5: Qualifications per database
Source: Prepared by the authors, 2019. It is possible to see that there is no significant difference between the databases and the SRJ classifications and indicators, since both indexers have journals that are not 'Qualified' or have no impact factor. It is worth mentioning that these are in significant quantity and 26.32% have no Qualis and 21.05% have no JRS indicator. The correlation between periods with Qualis and with the JRS Indicator is weak, showing a correction coefficient of 0.2354. The journals were also analyzed according to the language that was published, combined with the language and the database Qualis.  As for the areas that used Bauman's theory of liquidity in their discussions, these vary greatly, totaling 10 different areas. In the following, all the areas are shown. The area that most used Bauman's Theory of Liquidity was Education, corresponding to 21.05% of the publications, followed by Religion with 15.79%, Communication, Economics and Business, Psychology and Philosophy representing 10.53% each of the total. The other areas have only one publication. An interesting issue arises when analyzing the relationship between area and language. In Portuguese, the most published area was Education with 37.5% of the total number of articles in Portuguese, which represents 15.79% of the total number of articles. In English, the most published area was Economics and Business with 10.73% of the total number of articles published in English, and in Spanish, the areas they published were Communication and Philosophy, representing 5.26% each of the total number of articles. The correlation coefficient was -0.4514, which indicates a moderate negative correlation between language and area of study. As it can be seen in the figure below.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)
[Vol-6, Issue-9, Sept-2019] https: //dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.69.24  ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O) www.ijaers.com Page | 219  The titles address very diverse themes ranging from basic health care to celebrities. And although only two articles have been categorized as Economics and Business, the texts in the areas of communication and psychology also deal with issues that are addressed by administration.
The correlation between the area of study and the classification of journals was also analyzed. The correlation between the area and the Qualis is weak, showing a negative correlation index of -0.2747. The relationship between area and JRS is even weaker, with a positive correlation of 0.2637. In order to verify the relationship between titles and keywords, the UCINET® was used again. Out of the 19 selected articles, two did not show the key terms. The others had between 3 and 6 keywords, and in total, 85 keywords were listed by the authors. Figure 10 shows 17 articles and their relationships with 16 keywords. These were selected for having been used by more than one author, or for having the word liquidity, which directly refers to the theory studied. 'Bauman' and 'liquidity' are the terms that appear the most, being used by 5 authors, followed by the terms'solidity' and 'internet,' being mentioned by four authors. The other terms that have appeared the most are love, modernity, liquid modernity and immaterial work. Through the Nvivo® software, we analyzed the higher incidence of words that are cited in the selected articles. The delimited parameters were: 25 most mentioned words, minimum size of 6 letters. As for the grouping, we opted for exact matching terms, with derived words and synonyms.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS
Terms considered random such as 'context,' 'person(s),' 'process(es)' and also, terms directly related to the theory such as, Bauman, Zygmunt, liquid/liquidity and their variations were excluded from the analysis, since, as they deal with the analyzed subject, they would have greater indecency of citations. The result is shown below. The terms Modernidade, Modernity, modern and their synonyms and terms in other languages are cited 568 times. Followed by the terms Social, Sociedade with derivatives, synonyms and other languages, which are mentioned 466 times. The most used area of Bauman's theory of liquidity was Education, and the terms associated with this area of knowledge are declared 307 times, considering education, study, university and its derivatives, synonyms, and other languages. Other terms that appeared significantly are related to the Internet, appearing 313 times, considering internet, digital, online and its derivatives, synonyms. Another point that was raised in the selected articles was the method. It was noticed that the majority of the articles were of bibliographic review, which implies exploratory research of qualitative nature, although many studies do not clarify the type and nature of the research. Out of the  19 articles selected, only 2 pointed out that they are of a mixed nature, i.e., the approach to data analysis was qualitative and quantitative. As for the data collection instruments, most of them were literature reviews, representing 73.91% of the total articles, followed by a combination of observation and interview with 8.70%, and the combinations interview and documentary analysis, interview and questionnaire, observation, interview and documentary analysis with 4.35% each. A low correlation between the instruments and the nature of the data analysis was observed, 0.3010. As for the results of the selected articles, only 6 of them show empirical results that corroborate Bauman's theory of liquidity, the others only hold theoretical discussions.
The following chart shows what was found.

Chart 3:Empirical studies
Author Title (Perkiss & Handley, 2017) Making sense of contemporary disaster s: a liquid development perspective

United Kingdom
Economy; business

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
The case study and liquid development arguments support our position that the world is not really in a interregnum state, as suggested by Bauman. Instead, it has, and will continue to exhibit, the impacts of liquid development as long as current economic growth continues. Analyzing liquid development using a case study (environmental migration, mainly caused by climate change and rising sea levels in the Pacific Islands) provides an understanding of the social impacts experienced, which is an initial step towards informing the need for change and a social and political account. Using Bauman's understanding on liquidity enhanced by an understanding of the social challenges of development can help researchers understand why the consequences of disasters are amplified and help policy makers respond better to disasters. (Joubert, 2018) "Flowing" under the radar in a multifaceted liquid reality: the ekerk narrative

South Africa Religion HTS Teologiese Studies
The Internet has changed the shape of church everywhere. An 'electronic reform' has occurred, one in which online faith is no longer a novelty; it is a normal part of liquid modernity. Mobile phones, tablets, and computers have opened up exciting new spaces for spiritual connection and expression. Cyberspace is also a sacred space now. The online community is never a substitute for the physical community of believers;thus,ekerk's ongoing involvement with local churches and academic learning places.  Out of the 6 articles that show empirical results, only 1 of them is from the Web of Science. As for the areas, 2 papers are on Psychology, Economics and Business, Religion, Communication and Health had one work each. It was identified that, although most of the discussions were in the area of education, none of the empirical studies were in this area. Other areas that only showed theoretical discussions were Sociology, Celebrity, Cultural Studies and Philosophy. Analyzing the results showed by the authors, although the works corroborate Bauman's theory of liquidity, especially with regard to liquid modernity, the discussions did not reveal a deepening on the theory. It is possible to glimpse that the theory of liquid modernity was used as a background to contextualize the various aspects studied by the authors.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
In view of the information, Bauman's theory of liquidity, despite having been 'launched' around the year 2000, has only been used to support the discussions in the last 10 years. Through this review, it was also identified that most of the works that discussed the theory are theoretical, which ends up not corroborating robustly with the theory. The empirical researches, although few, converged to consolidate the theory, even when it is used only as a background to analyze and/or justify the phenomena studied. As shown in Chart 3, the areas that developed empirical studies were, a) economy and business, b) religion, c) psychology, d) communication and, e) health. As for the dissertations and thesis, these also use more Bauman's theory as a scenario to contextualize the phenomenon studied. Responding to the objective of investigating the Theory of Liquidity and its relationship with management aspects, it was noticed that only one work in the area of economics and business was found: Making sense of contemporary disasters: a liquid development perspective, which aimed at "[...] it is to explore the economic conditions of contemporary society to provide information on the ways in which the consequences of disaster, including environmental migration, are accentuated." Thus, it was identified that no empirical study was actually performed in the area of management. There are no studies focused on agriculture, administration or family farming. Thus, as a suggestion for future works, it is proposed to study the areas of administration focused on agribusiness in its most varied sizes in this liquid society.